Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are highly toxic to the environment. Effective evaluation on the bioavailability of DDTs in soils is essential for risk assessment and soil remediation. The aims of this study were to verify the feasibility of the hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) extraction method for predicting the bioavailability of DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in soils, and to examine the effect of HPCD on their biodegradation in different soils. Four soils were aged with a mixture of p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE (0.25 μg g−1 for each compound) for 20 and 100 days, respectively. For each of the DDTs, a significant positive correlation between HPCD-extractable fraction and biodegradable fraction in each soil was observed. It was demonstrated that the amounts of HPCD-extractable p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT were not significantly different from the amounts that were degradable as assessed from their degradation by Enterobacter sp. LY402 (p > 0.05). Such 1:1 relationship between extraction and degradation was not obtained in the cases of p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE, as the amounts of degradable p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE were lower than the amounts that were extractable with HPCD. Additionally, the biodegradation of p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDE was inhibited in the presence of HPCD, which could be due to the binding of the compounds to HPCD, making them less available to access the bacteria for degradation. This study provides the possibility of using the HPCD extraction method to predict the bioavailability of p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT in soils. But when HPCD was used as an additive in the bioremediation of DDT-contaminated soils, it might have a negative effect on biodegradation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aislabie, J. M., Richards, N. K., & Boul, H. L. (1997). Microbial degradation of DDT and its residues—a review. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 40, 269–282.
Allan, I. J., Semple, K. T., Hare, R., & Reid, B. J. (2006). Prediction of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in spiked soils using cyclodextrin extraction. Environmental Pollution, 144, 562–571.
Allan, I. J., Semple, K. T., Hare, R., & Reid, B. J. (2007). Cyclodextrin enhanced biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols in contaminated soil slurries. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 5498–5504.
Brown, D. G. (2007). Relationship between micellar and hemi-micellar processes and the bioavailability of surfactant-solubilized hydrophobic organic compounds. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 1194–1199.
Doick, K. J., Clasper, P. J., Urmann, K., & Semple, K. T. (2006). Further validation of the HPCD-technique for the evaluation of PAH microbial availability in soil. Environmental Pollution, 144, 345–354.
Ehlers, G. A. C., & Loibner, A. P. (2006). Linking organic pollutant (bio)availability with geosorbent properties and biomimetic methodology: a review of geosorbent characterisation and (bio)availability prediction. Environmental Pollution, 141, 494–512.
Gao, H. P., Li, X., Cao, Y. M., Ma, J., & Jia, L. Y. (2013). Effects of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin on the distribution and biodegradation of phenanthrene in NAPL-water system. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 83, 105–111.
Garcia, J. M., Wick, L. Y., & Harms, H. (2001). Influence of the nonionic surfactant Brij 35 on the bioavailability of solid and sorbed dibenzofuran. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 2033–2039.
Guo, Y., Yu, H. Y., & Zeng, E. Y. (2009). Occurrence, source diagnosis, and biological effect assessment of DDT and its metabolites in various environmental compartments of the Pearl River Delta, South China: a review. Environmental Pollution, 157, 1753–1763.
Hill, A. J., & Ghoshal, S. (2002). Micellar solubilization of naphthalene and phenanthrene from nonaqueous-phase liquids. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 3901–3907.
Houx, N. W. H., & Aben, W. J. M. (1993). Bioavailability of pollutants to soil organisms via the soil solution. Science of the Total Environment, 134, 387–395.
Jia, L. Y., Zheng, A. P., Xu, L., Huang, X. D., Zhang, Q., & Yang, F. L. (2008). Isolation and characterization of comprehensive polychlorinated biphenyl degrading bacterium, Enterobacter sp. LY402. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18, 952–957.
Laha, S., & Luthy, R. G. (1991). Inhibition of phenanthrene mineralization by nonionic surfactants in soil-water systems. Environmental Science and Technology, 25, 1920–1930.
Lanzon, J. B., & Brown, D. G. (2013). Partitioning of phenanthrene into surfactant hemimicelles on the bacterial cell surface and implications for surfactant-enhanced biodegradation. Water Research, 47, 4612–4620.
Latawiec, A. E., Swindell, A. L., Simmons, P., & Reid, B. J. (2011). Bringing bioavailability into contaminated land decision making: the way forward? Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 52–77.
Mackay D, Shiu WY, Ma KC, Lee SC (2006) Handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals. 2nd ed
Menchai, P., Van Zwieten, L., Kimber, S., Ahmad, N., Rao, P. S. C., & Hose, G. (2008). Bioavailable DDT residues in sediments: laboratory assessment of ageing effects using semi-permeable membrane devices. Environmental Pollution, 153, 110–118.
Morrison, D. E., Robertson, B. K., & Alexander, M. (2000). Bioavailability to earthworms of aged DDT, DDE, DDD, and dieldrin in soil. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 709–713.
Reid, B. J., Stokes, J. D., Jones, K. C., & Semple, K. T. (2000). Nonexhaustive cyclodextrin-based extraction technique for the evaluation of PAH bioavailability. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 3174–3179.
Spencer, W. F., Singh, G., Taylor, C. D., LeMert, R. A., Cliath, M. M., & Farmer, W. J. (1996). DDT persistence and volatility as affected by management practices after 23 years. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25, 815–821.
Stroud, J. L., Tzima, M., Paton, G. I., & Semple, K. T. (2009). Influence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the biodegradation of 14C-phenanthrene and 14C-hexadecane in soil. Environmental Pollution, 157, 2678–2683.
Sudharshan, S., Naidu, R., Mallavarapu, M., & Bolan, N. (2012). DDT remediation in contaminated soils: a review of recent studies. Biodegradation, 23, 851–863.
Tang, J. X., Robertson, B. K., & Alexander, M. (1999). Chemical-extraction methods to estimate bioavailability of DDT, DDE, and DDD in soil. Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 4346–4351.
Wang, X. J., & Brusseau, M. L. (1993). Solubilization of some low-polarity organic compounds by hydroxypropyl-b-cylodextrin. Environmental Science and Technology, 27, 2821–2825.
Wang, J. M., Marlowe, E. M., Miller-Maier, R. M., & Brusseau, M. L. (1998). Cyclodextrin-enhanced biodegradation of phenanthrene. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 1907–1912.
Wang, J. M., Maier, R. M., & Brusseau, M. L. (2005). Influence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) on the bioavailability and biodegradation of pyrene. Chemosphere, 60, 725–728.
Wong, F., & Bidleman, T. F. (2010). Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as non-exhaustive extractant for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in muck soil. Environmental Pollution, 158, 1303–1310.
Xu, Y. Y., Wang, Y. H., Li, J., Liu, X., Zhang, R. J., Guo, S. J., Huang, W. Y., & Zhang, G. (2013). Distributions, possible sources and biological risk of DDTs, HCHs and chlordanes in sediments of Beibu Gulf and its tributary rivers, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 76, 52–60.
Zhang, G., Parker, A., House, A., Mai, B., Li, X., Kang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2002). Sedimentary records of DDT and HCH in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 3671–3677.
Zhang, P., Song, J. M., & Yuan, H. M. (2009). Persistent organic pollutant residues in the sediments and mollusks from the Bohai Sea coastal areas, North China: an overview. Environment International, 35, 632–646.
Zhang, Z. X., Zhu, Y. X., Li, C. M., & Zhang, Y. (2012). Investigation into the causes for the changed biodegradation process of dissolved pyrene after addition of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 243, 139–145.
Zhang, K., Wei, Y. L., & Zeng, E. Y. (2013). A review of environmental and human exposure to persistent organic pollutants in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Science of the Total Environment, 463–464, 1093–1110.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21277021).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOC 6071 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gao, H., Gao, X., Cao, Y. et al. Influence of Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the Extraction and Biodegradation of p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDE in Soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 226, 208 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2472-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2472-9