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Occurrence of Micro-pollutants in a Soil–Radish System Irrigated with Several Types of Treated Domestic Wastewater

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Abstract

During this study, the effect of applying several types of treated domestic wastewater on the translocation and accumulation of organic and inorganic micropollutants in soil and radish plants (Raphanus sativus L.) was examined. Primary (PTW), secondary (STW) and tertiary (TTW) treated wastewater as well as tap water (TW) were used for the irrigation of radish plants for a period (transplantating and harvesting) of 67 days. Higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were observed in soils irrigated with PTW. The concentration of PAHs in radish roots ranged between 107.6 ± 12.1 μg/kg for plants irrigated with TTW and 124.1 ± 17.7 μg/kg for plants irrigated with PTW. The root concentration factors (RCFs) expressed as the ratio of PAH concentration in the root mass (dry weight) to the residual concentration in the soil varied from 1.6 to 1.9 indicating a higher accumulation of PAHs in the edible part of radishes than soil. Heavy metals were not detected in the wastewaters utilised and, as a result, no accumulation was found in either the soil or plants in comparison with tap water. RCFs for heavy metals were calculated between 0.91 and 0.99, 0.49 and 0.66, 0.004 and 0.005 for Cu, Zn and Ni, respectively. The results showed that radishes have the ability to concentrate PAHs when they are present in the wastewater and this could have associated health risks.

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Acknowledgments

This research was co-funded by the LIFE project ENV/GR/00551.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Heraklion, 71004, Greece

    I. Petousi, M. S. Fountoulakis, S. Dokianakis & T. Manios

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    I. Petousi & E. I. Stentiford

  3. Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, 3603, Cyprus

    N. Tzortzakis

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  1. I. Petousi
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  2. M. S. Fountoulakis
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  3. N. Tzortzakis
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  4. S. Dokianakis
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  5. E. I. Stentiford
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  6. T. Manios
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Correspondence to I. Petousi.

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Petousi, I., Fountoulakis, M.S., Tzortzakis, N. et al. Occurrence of Micro-pollutants in a Soil–Radish System Irrigated with Several Types of Treated Domestic Wastewater. Water Air Soil Pollut 225, 1791 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1791-y

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