Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of Climate Change on Regional Water Availability and Demand for Agricultural Production: Application of Water Footprint Concept

  • Published:
Water Resources Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The sustenance of rice cultivation in a region is highly dependent on future water availability under changing climate. The dams and reservoirs can play a major role in regional water availability since their storage capacity can cushion the water stress due to changes in rainfall and temperature patterns. The current study developed a simulation modelling framework to quantify the water availability and demand on a taluk scale in the command area of the Malampuzha Irrigation Project (MIP). The Blue and Green water footprint concept is used to analyse the water availability and demand in the region. The loosely coupled framework of SWAT, DSSAT, and a Reservoir Simulation Module helps to generate the hydrological and crop yield projections of the region according to the CMIP6 climate model projections. The analysis is carried out at a seasonal scale on decadal basis with a historical period spanning from 2016 to 2019 and a future period spanning from 2020 to 2100. The results suggest that eastern side of MIP command area experiences lower water availability due to lower green and blue water distribution, particularly affecting the regions of Palakkad and Chittur taluk. The study introduces an integrated water footprint score (IWFS) at taluk scale, which combines green and blue water footprint to assess the annual water demand variations in the region. The taluks Alathur and Palakkad are in the high risk category towards the end of the century as per the water footprint score. Towards the end of the century, an increase in rainfall by 67% and temperature by 6% has resulted in a decrease in rice yield by 13.2% during kharif and 52.5% during rabi season under SSP585 scenario. The study helps to identify critical water stress zones within the command area and prioritize the implementation of adaptation measures within the command area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Source of Data and Software

The study used data and software that are available in open source and the details are as follows.

Soil and Water Assessment Tool: https://swat.tamu.edu/software/arcswat/

DSSAT-CERES Rice: https://dssat.net/main-download

Climate Data: https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/

MOLUSCE: https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/molusce/

Source of IMD Data: https://www.imdpune.gov.in/cmpg/Griddata/Rainfall_25_NetCDF.html

                                  https://www.imdpune.gov.in/cmpg/Griddata/Max_1_Bin.html

References

  • Abdi AH, Warsame AA, Sheik-Ali IA (2023) Modelling the impacts of climate change on cereal crop production in East Africa: evidence from heterogeneous panel cointegration analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30:35246–35257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal A, Maheswaran R, Sehgal V et al (2016) Hydrologic regionalization using wavelet-based multiscale entropy method. J Hydrol 538:22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agricultural Statistics 2021-22 (2023) Department of Economic and Statistics Thiruvananthapuram, Govt. of Kerala

  • Aldaya MM, Hoekstra AY (2010) The water needed for italians to eat pasta and pizza. Agric Syst 103:351–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold JG, Kiniry JR, Srinivasan R et al (2012) Soil and water assessment tool. Version 2012:654

  • Bhagat MA, Kaur N, Kaur S (2023) Effect of sowing dates on the phenology, grain yield and stress tolerance indices of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes under subtropical conditions of Punjab. J Agrometeorol 25:113–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Biemans H, Haddeland I, Kabat P, Ludwig F, Hutjes RWA, Heinke J, vonBloh W,  Gerten D (2011) Impact of reservoirs on river discharge and irrigation water supply during the 20th century. Water Resour Res 47:W03509

  • Cai Y, Zhang F, Gao G et al (2024) Spatio-temporal variability and trend of blue-green water resources in the Kaidu River Basin, an arid region of China. J Hydrol Reg Stud 51:101640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapagain AK, Hoekstra AY (2008) The global component of freshwater demand and supply: an assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products. Water Int 33:19–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapagain A, Orr S (2008) UK water footprint: the impact of the UK’s food and fibre consumption on global water resources volume two: appendices. WWF-UK, Godalming, pp 31–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Wang W, Cescatti A, Forzieri G (2023) Climate-driven vegetation greening further reduces water availability in drylands. Glob Chang Biol 29:1628–1647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chintalacheruvu MR, Bardhan A, Pingale SM, Patra JP (2022) Water footprint analysis for the upper Baitarani River basin, India. Sustain Water Resour Manag 8:181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cibin R, Sudheer KP, Chaubey I (2010) Sensitivity and identifiability of stream flow generation parameters of the SWAT model. Hydrol Process Int J 24:1133–1148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Ambrosio E, Gentile F, De Girolamo AM (2020) Assessing the sustainability in water use at the basin scale through water footprint indicators. J Clean Prod 244:118847

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dau QV, Kuntiyawichai K, Adeloye AJ (2021) Future changes in water availability due to climate change projections for Huong Basin, Vietnam. Environ Process 8:77–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De US, Dube RK, Rao GSP (2005) Extreme weather events over India in the last 100 years. J Ind Geophys Union 9:173–187

    Google Scholar 

  • DoECC (2022) Kerala State Action Plan on Climate Change (2023–2030), Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, Department of Environment, Goverment of Kerala. p 333

  • Falkenmark M (1989) The massive water scarcity now threatening Africa - why isn’t it being addressed? Ambio 18:112–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkenmark M, Rockström J (2004) Balancing water for humans and nature: The new approach in ecohydrology, Earthscan, London, U. K

  • Falkenmark M, Rockström J (2006) The new blue and green water paradigm: breaking new ground for water resources planning and management. J Water Resour Plan Manag 132:129–132. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2006)132:3(129)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fazeli Farsani I, Farzaneh MR, Besalatpour AA et al (2019) Assessment of the impact of climate change on spatiotemporal variability of blue and green water resources under CMIP3 and CMIP5 models in a highly mountainous watershed. Theor Appl Climatol 136:169–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George J and Athira P. (2020) Long-term changes in climatic variables over the Bharathapuzha river basin, Kerala, India. Theor Appl Climatol 142:269–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03255-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghorbany S, Noorzai E, Yousefi S (2023) BIM-based solution to enhance the performance of public-private partnership construction projects using copula bayesian network. Expert Syst Appl 216:119501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghorbany S, Yousefi S, Noorzai E (2024) Evaluating and optimizing performance of public–private partnership projects using copula bayesian network. Eng Constr Archit Manag 31:290–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giridhar BJ, Raghavendra KJ, Singh DR, Kuriachen P (2022) Agricultural vulnerability to Climate Change: A Case Study of Kerala 29–34

  • Goodarzi MR, Mohtar RH, Piryaei R et al (2022a) Urban WEF nexus: an approach for the use of internal resources under climate change. Hydrology 9:176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodarzi MR, Sabaghzadeh M, Mokhtari MH (2022b) Impacts of aspect on snow characteristics using remote sensing from 2000 to 2020 in Ajichai-Iran. Cold Reg Sci Technol 204:103682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2022.103682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodarzi MR, Vagheei H, Mohtar RH (2020) The impact of climate change on water and energy security. Water Sci Technol Water Supply 20:2530–2546. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorgin Paveh F, Ramezani Etedali H, Collins B (2022) Evaluation of CRU TS, GPCC, AgMERRA, and AgCFSR meteorological datasets for estimating climate and crop variables: a case study of maize in Qazvin Province, Iran. J Arid Land 14:1361–1376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guntukula R, Goyari P (2020) The impact of climate change on maize yields and its variability in Telangana, India: a panel approach study. J Public Aff 20:e2088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris F, Moss C, Joy EJM et al (2020) The water footprint of diets: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 11:375–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra AY, Chapagain AK, Aldaya MM, Mekonnen MM (2009) Water footprint manual, state of the art 2009. Water Footprint Network, Enschede, p 127

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra AY (2003) Virtual water trade: A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade. Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade 12, Delft, pp 25–47

  • Jamshidi S, Imani S, Delavar M (2020) Impact assessment of best management practices (BMPs) on the water footprint of agricultural productions. Int J Environ Res 14:641–652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kala (2018) Paddy Cultivation in Kerala a Case Study in Palakkad District. 5:405–412

  • Kampman DA, Hoekstra AY, Krol MS (2008) The water footprint of India. Value Water Res Rep Ser 32:1–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Konapala G, Mishra AK, Wada Y, Mann ME (2020) Climate change will affect global water availability through compounding changes in seasonal precipitation and evaporation. Nat Commun 11:3044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krysanova V, Arnold JG (2008) Advances in ecohydrological modelling with SWAT—a review. Hydrol Sci J 53:939–947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Sahu NC, Ansari MA, Kumar S (2023) Climate change and rice production in India: role of ecological and carbon footprint. J Agribus Dev Emerg Econ 13:260–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai G, Luo J, Li Q et al (2020) Modification and validation of the SWAT model based on multi-plant growth mode, a case study of the Meijiang River Basin, China. J Hydrol 585:124778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124778

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee C-C, Zeng M, Luo K (2024) How does climate change affect food security? Evidence from China. Environ Impact Assess Rev 104:107324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2023.107324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Z, Fang G, Chen Y et al (2020) Agricultural water demands in Central Asia under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C global warming. Agric Water Manag 231:106020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Yang H (2009) Spatially explicit assessment of global consumptive water uses in cropland: green and blue water. J Hydrol 384:187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.11.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luan X, Wu P, Sun S et al (2018) Quantitative study of the crop production water footprint using the SWAT model. Ecol Indic 89:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma X, Liu C, Niu Y, Zhang Y (2024) Spatio-temporal pattern and prediction of agricultural blue and green water footprint scarcity index in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin. J Clean Prod 437:140691

  • Ma W, Opp C, Yang D (2020) Spatiotemporal supply-demand characteristics and economic benefits of crop water footprint in the semi-arid region. Sci Total Environ 738:139502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta VK, Haden VR, Joyce BA et al (2013) Irrigation demand and supply, given projections of climate and land-use change, in Yolo County, California. Agric Water Manag 117:70–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mekonnen MM, Gerbens-Leenes W (2020) The water footprint of global food production. Water 12:2696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY (2010) A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 14:1259–1276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY (2011) The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 15:1577–1600. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY (2016) Sustainability: four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Sci Adv 2:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milly PCD, Dunne KA, Vecchia AV (2005) Global pattern of trends in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate. Nature 438:347–350. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra RK (2023) Fresh water availability and its global challenge. Br J Multidiscip Adv Stud 4:1–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra V, Bhatia U, Tiwari AD (2020) Bias-corrected climate projections for South Asia from coupled model intercomparison project-6. Sci Data 7:338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore BC, Coleman AM, Wigmosta MS et al (2015) A high spatiotemporal assessment of consumptive water use and water scarcity in the conterminous United States. Water Resour Manag 29:5185–5200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1112-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moriasi DN, Arnold JG, Van Liew MW et al (2007) Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Trans ASABE 50:885–900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mubako ST (2018) Blue, green, and grey water quantification approaches: a bibliometric and literature review. J Contemp Water Res Educ 165:4–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2018.03289.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nalbandan RB, Delavar M, Abbasi H, Zaghiyan MR (2023) Model-based water footprint accounting framework to evaluate new water management policies. J Clean Prod 382:135220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neitsch S, Arnold J, Kiniry J, Williams J (2011) Soil & Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation Version 2009. Tex Water Resour Inst 1–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.063

  • Nguyen NV (2002) Global climate changes and rice food security. Rome FAO, 625

  • Niazkar M, Goodarzi MR, Fatehifar A, Abedi MJ (2023) Machine learning-based downscaling: application of multi-gene genetic programming for downscaling daily temperature at Dogonbadan, Iran, under CMIP6 scenarios. Theor Appl Climatol 151:153–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04274-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunes JP, Jacinto R, Keizer JJ (2017) Combined impacts of climate and socio-economic scenarios on irrigation water availability for a dry Mediterranean reservoir. Sci Total Environ 584–585:219–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Núñez M, Pfister S, Antón A et al (2013) Assessing the environmental impact of water consumption by energy crops grown in Spain. J Ind Ecol 17:90–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00449.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oak H (2023) Is India moving away from Coarse cereals? Examining evidence from trends in Rice, Wheat and Coarse cereals. Curr Agric Res J 11:1

  • Ohta S, Kimura A (2007) Impacts of climate changes on the temperature of paddy waters and suitable land for rice cultivation in Japan. Agric Meteorol 147:186–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.07.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • One NO (2022) World food day: Get involved! world food day get involv. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0582en

  • Pathak H (2023) Impact, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change in Indian agriculture. Environ Monit Assess 195:52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrović G, Ivanović T, Knežević D et al (2023) Assessment of climate change impact on maize production in Serbia. Atmos (Basel) 14:110

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister S, Koehler A, Hellweg S (2009) Assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption in LCA. Environ Sci Technol 43:4098–4104. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802423e

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilevneli T, Capar G, Sánchez-Cerdà C (2023) Investigation of climate change impacts on agricultural production in Turkey using volumetric water footprint approach. Sustain Prod Consum 35:605–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.12.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan A, Srinivasan V (2022) Do dams improve water security in India? A review of post facto assessments. Water Security 15:100112

  • Rajendran K, Surendran S, Varghese SJ, Sathyanath A (2022) Simulation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall, interannual variability and teleconnections: evaluation of CMIP6 models. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Raju C, Ajith K, Ajithkumar B, Anitha S (2023) Estimating irrigation water requirement in rice by integration of satellite data and agrometeorological indices in Palakkad, Kerala. J Agrometeorol 25:293–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramezani Etedali H, Ahmadaali K, Gorgin F, Ababaei B (2019) Optimization of the cropping pattern of main cereals and improving water productivity: application of the water footprint concept. Irrig Drain 68:765–777

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray DK, Gerber JS, MacDonald GK, West PC (2015) Climate variation explains a third of global crop yield variability. Nat Commun 6:5989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig C, Strzepek KM, Major DC et al (2004) Water resources for agriculture in a changing climate: international case studies. Glob Environ Chang 14:345–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.09.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santhi C, Arnold JG, Williams JR et al (2001) Validation of the swat model on a large rwer basin with point and nonpoint sources 1. JAWRA J Am Water Resour Assoc 37:1169–1188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schierhorn F, Hofmann M, Adrian I et al (2020) Spatially varying impacts of climate change on wheat and barley yields in Kazakhstan. J Arid Environ 178:104164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz B (2002) Role of dams in irrigation, drainage and flood control. Int J Water Resour Dev 18:147–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seddiqe KH, Sediqi R, Yildiz O et al (2023) Effects of climate change on streamflow in the Ayazma River Basin in the Marmara Region of Turkey. Water 15:763

  • Şen Z (2021) Reservoirs for water supply under climate change impact—a review. Water Resour Manag 35:3827–3843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha S, Chapagain R, Babel MS (2017) Quantifying the impact of climate change on crop yield and water footprint of rice in the Nam Oon Irrigation Project, Thailand. Sci Total Environ 599:689–699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha S, Deb P, Bui TTT (2016) Adaptation strategies for rice cultivation under climate change in Central Vietnam. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 21:15–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9567-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siad SM, Iacobellis V, Zdruli P et al (2019) A review of coupled hydrologic and crop growth models. Agric Water Manag 224:105746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soundharajan B, Sudheer KP (2009) Deficit irrigation management for rice using crop growth simulation model in an optimization framework. Paddy Water Environ 7:135–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-009-0156-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun G, McNulty SG, Moore Myers JA, Cohen EC (2008) Impacts of multiple stresses on water demand and supply across the Southeastern United States 1. JAWRA J Am Water Resour Assoc 44:1441–1457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun S, Wu P, Wang Y, Zhao X (2013) Temporal variability of water footprint for maize production: the case of Beijing from 1978 to 2008. Water Resour Manag 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0296-1

  • Tao F, Zhang Z (2013) Climate change, high-temperature stress, rice productivity, and water use in Eastern China: a new superensemble-based probabilistic projection. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 52:531–551. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0100.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tidwell VC, Kobos PH, Malczynski LA et al (2012) Exploring the water-thermoelectric power nexus. J Water Resour Plan Manag 138:491–501. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timlin D, Paff K, Han E (2024) The role of crop simulation modeling in assessing potential climate change impacts. Agrosystems Geosci Environ 7:e20453

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Touseef M, Chen L, Masud T et al (2020) Assessment of the future climate change projections on streamflow hydrology and water availability over Upper Xijiang River Basin, China. Appl Sci 10:3671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valverde P, Serralheiro R, de Carvalho M et al (2015) Climate change impacts on irrigated agriculture in the Guadiana river basin (Portugal). Agric Water Manag 152:17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.12.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oel PR, Mekonnen M, Hoekstra AY (2008) The external water footprint of. Quantification and impact assessment, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Varghese SJ, Surendran S, Ajithkumar B et al (2020) Future changes in rice yield over Kerala using climate change scenario from high resolution global climate model projection. J Earth Syst Sci 129:192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-01459-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veettil AV, Mishra AK (2016) Water security assessment using blue and green water footprint concepts. J Hydrol 542:589–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.09.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veettil AV, Mishra AK (2018) Potential influence of climate and anthropogenic variables on water security using blue and green water scarcity, Falkenmark index, and freshwater provision indicator. J Environ Manage 228:346–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veettil AV, Mishra AK, Green TR (2022) Explaining water security indicators using hydrologic and agricultural systems models. J Hydrol 607:127463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vörösmarty CJ, Douglas EM, Green PA, Revenga C (2005) Geospatial indicators of emerging water stress: an application to Africa. AMBIO J Hum Environ 34:230–236. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-34.3.230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wada Y (2013) Human and climate impacts on global water resources. Utrecht University, Utrecht. ISBN 978-90-6266-346-0

  • Wang D, Hubacek K, Shan Y et al (2021) A review of water stress and water footprint accounting. Water 13:201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wegehenkel M (2000) Test of a modelling system for simulating water balances and plant growth using various different complex approaches. Ecol Modell 129:39–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White JW, Hoogenboom G, Kimball BA, Wall GW (2011) Methodologies for simulating impacts of climate change on crop production. F Crop Res 124:357–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wichelns D (2015) Virtual water and water footprints do not provide helpful insight regarding international trade or water scarcity. Ecol Indic 52:277–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeşilköy S, Şaylan L (2020) Assessment and modelling of crop yield and water footprint of winter wheat by aquacrop. Ital J Agrometeorol 1:3–14

  • Zahabiyoun B, Goodarzi MR, Bavani ARM, Azamathulla HM (2013) Assessment of climate change impact on the Gharesou river basin using SWAT hydrological model. Clean - Soil Air Water 41:601–609. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201100652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng Z, Liu J, Koeneman PH et al (2012) Assessing water footprint at river basin level: a case study for the Heihe River Basin in northwest China. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 16:2771–2781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zewde NT, Denboba MA, Tadesse SA, Getahun YS (2024) Predicting runoff and sediment yields using soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model in the Jemma Subbasin of Upper Blue Nile, Central Ethiopia. Environ Challenges 14:100806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang G, Mathews RE, Frapporti G, Mekonnen M (2014) Water footprint assessment for the Hertfordshire and North London area, report RESE000335. Environment Agency, London

Download references

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, India

    T. R. Sreeshna & P. Athira

  2. Environmental Science and Sustainable Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, India

    P. Athira

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

    B. Soundharajan

Authors
  1. T. R. Sreeshna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. Athira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. Soundharajan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All the authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. T.R. Sreeshna: Conceptualization, methodology, implementation, original draft; P. Athira: Supervision, validation, writing-review, and editing. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Athira.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(DOCX 35.9 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sreeshna, T.R., Athira, P. & Soundharajan, B. Impact of Climate Change on Regional Water Availability and Demand for Agricultural Production: Application of Water Footprint Concept. Water Resour Manage (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-024-03839-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-024-03839-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation