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Quantifying the Third Sector in Portugal: An Overview and Evolution from 1997 to 2007

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Abstract

This article presents a global overview of the third sector in Portugal drawing on data from a linked employer–employee database—“Quadros de Pessoal,” which is based on a compulsory annual inquiry to organizations, making it a better source of information than those based on sample surveys and estimates. This study advances on previous overviews by providing more updated numbers for organization size, age, gross revenue and employment levels, as well as their distribution across the ICNPO third sector activity classification. The evolution of these variables from the period 1997 to 2007 is also analyzed. The Portuguese third sector has been fast growing, with revenues amounting to 5.64% of Portugal’s GDP and employment representing 4% of the country’s employment in 2007. It is mainly composed of very small organizations, with diminutive revenues. Perhaps its most striking features are the uneven distribution of employment and revenue and the strong concentration on social services.

Résumé

Ce document présente une vision générale du tiers secteur au Portugal en utilisant les informations d’une base de données employeur-travailleur, dénommée «Quadros de Pessoal», qui repose sur une enquête annuelle obligatoire des organisations, ce qui en fait une meilleure source d’information que celles fondées sur les enquêtes par sondage et les estimations. Cette étude vient appuyer les informations générales précédentes en fournissant des chiffres plus récents concernant la taille de l’organisation, l’âge, le revenu brut et les niveaux d’emploi, ainsi que leur répartition dans la classification internationale des organisations sans but lucratif (ICNPO). L’évolution de ces variables pour la période 1997–2007 y est également analysée. Le tiers secteur au Portugal a été en pleine expansion, avec des recettes s’élevant à 5,64% du PIB du Portugal, et un taux d’emploi représentant 4% de l’emploi du pays en 2007. Il se compose principalement de très petites organisations avec de faibles revenus. Ses caractéristiques les plus frappantes sont peut-être l’inégale répartition de l’emploi et des recettes, et la forte concentration dans les services sociaux.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Beitrag bietet einen globalen Überblick über den Dritten Sektor in Portugal und stützt sich dabei auf Daten aus einer verknüpften Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Datenbank, „Quadros de Pessonal”, die auf eine obligatorische jährliche Befragung von Organisationen beruht und somit eine bessere Informationsquelle darstellt als Datenbanken, die auf Stichprobenerhebungen und Schätzungen beruhen. Die Studie geht weiter als vorherige Auswertungen, indem aktuellere Zahlen zu Größe, Dauer des Bestehens, Bruttoeinnahmen und Beschäftigungsgrad der Organisationen sowie ihre Einstufung in der Klassifikation der Aktivitäten des Dritten Sektors gemäß der internationalen Klassifikation der Nonprofit-Organisationen (International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations (ICNPO)) bereitgestellt werden. Die Entwicklung dieser Variablen im Zeitraum von 1997 bis 2007 wird ebenso untersucht. Der Dritte Sektor in Portugal konnte ein schnelles Wachstum verzeichnen, mit Einnahmen von bis zu 5,64% des Bruttoinlandsprodukts und einem Beschäftigungswachstum, das 4% der Beschäftigung des Landes in 2007 entspricht. Der Sektor besteht hauptsächlich aus sehr kleinen Organisationen mit geringen Einnahmen. Die vielleicht auffälligsten Merkmale sind die ungleiche Verteilung von Beschäftigung und Einnahmen und die starke Konzentration auf soziale Dienstleistungen.

Resumen

Este trabajo presenta una perspectiva general del sector terciario en Portugal, en función de los datos de Quadros de Pessoal, una base de datos enlazada de empresa-empleados, basada en una encuesta anual obligatoria realizada a las organizaciones, lo que la convierte en una fuente de información más fiable que las basadas en estudios de muestras y en estimaciones. Este estudio supone un avance respecto de las perspectivas anteriores ya que ofrece cifras actualizadas sobre el tamaño, la edad, los ingresos brutos y los niveles de empleo de las organizaciones, así como la distribución en la clasificación ICNPO de la actividad del tercer sector. También se analiza la evolución de estas variables en el periodo 1997–2007. El sector terciario portugués ha experimentado un rápido crecimiento, con ingresos que representan el 5,64% del PIB de Portugal y con una tasa de empleo que representaba el 4% del país en 2007. Está compuesto principalmente por organizaciones muy pequeñas, con ingresos diminutos. Posiblemente sus características más sorprendentes son la distribución desigual del empleo y las ganancias y la fuerte concentración en los servicios sociales.

摘要

本文依据关联的雇主-雇员数据库“Quadros de Pessoal”中的数据阐释了葡萄牙第三产业的整体概况,这主要是基于对各组织的强制性年度调查,使得信息来源相比抽样调查和估算更为真实可靠。此次研究的效果相较以前有所提高,提供了有关组织规模、龄期、总收入和就业率的最新数据,及其在ICNPO(非营利组织的国际分类)第三产业活动分类中的分布情况。还对1997–2007年期间这些变量的发展情况进行了分析。葡萄牙第三产业的发展日益迅速,2007年收入占葡萄牙GDP(国内生产总值) 的5.64%,就业率占全国就业率的4%。它主要由非常小的组织构成,收入也相对细分化。也许它最突出的特点就在于就业和收入的分布不均以及对社会服务的强烈关注。

ملخص

يعرض هذا البحث نظرة عامة عالمية للقطاع الثالث في البرتغال بالإعتماد على البيانات من قاعدة بيانات ربطت صاحب العمل – الموظف “Quadros de Pessoal “التي تقوم على إستبيان سنوي إلزامي للمنظمات، مما يجعل منها مصدر معلومات أفضل من تلك التي تستند إلى الدراسات الاستقصائية للعينات والتقديرات. هذه الدراسة تتقدم على النظرات السابقة بتقديم تحديث أرقام أكثر لحجم المنظمة، العمر، الإيرادات الإجمالية ومستويات العمالة وأيضاً توزيعها عبر التصنيف الدولي لمنظمات غير ربحية (ICNPO) لتصنيف نشاط مجموعات القطاع الثالث. أيضاً تحليل تطور هذه المتغيرات في الفترة 1997-2007. القطاع الثالث البرتغالي يتزايد بسرعة، مع إيرادات تصل إلى 5.64% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي (GDP) في البرتغال والعمالة تمثل 4 في المائة من العمالة في البلد في عام 2007. يتكون أساساً من منظمات صغيرة جداً، مع إيرادات ضئيلة. ولعل أبرز سماتها هو التفاوت في توزيع الدخل والعمالة وتركيز قوي في الخدمات الاجتماعية.

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Notes

  1. In Portugal, there is a special status of Instituição Privada de Solidariedade Social (IPSS—social solidarity private institutions) granted by the government (through the Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity) to third sector organizations that apply and meet certain requirements. These organizations are eligible to celebrate Cooperation Agreements and Management Agreements with the government, through which it funds the provision of public services by private organizations.

  2. Indeed, the very expression used to refer to these kinds of organizations is considerably diverse, varying from nonprofit, voluntary, non-governmental and civil society to third sector or third system, each with their specific idiosyncrasies. In this article, third sector is the preferred expression, albeit in a fairly inclusive conceptualization that covers cooperatives and mutual aid associations. However, it is not as inclusive as the more consensual Social Economy conceptualization, and thus excludes financial mutualities and private companies that are "created to meet their members’ needs through the market" (Chávez and Monzón-Campos 2008, p. 8).

  3. Rev. 3 of CAE, used since 2007, actually improves on this from Rev. 2.1. In 2006, nearly 25% of third sector organizations (corresponding to 10.37% of third sector employment) were registered in residual CAE categories (namely “Other associative activities, non-specified” and “Other service activities, non-specified”).

  4. The Holy Houses of Mercy (Santas Casas de Misericórdia) are Church-related charity institutions, the history of which goes back to the fifteenth century in Portugal, that are committed mainly to social assistance, health care, and poverty relief. There are around 400 Misericórdias in Portugal in the present day.

  5. The public funding of third sector organizations here considered includes only government transfers in the social action activity, which are the only data made available to the wider public. It does not include transfers to other activities (like education or culture) nor does it include sales to the government by third sector organizations, which are not disclosed.

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Acknowledgments

I am grateful to the Portuguese Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity, Statistics Department, for access to the data used in this study (Quadros de Pessoal). I would also like to express my gratitude to Miguel Reis Portela and Nelson Areal for their assistance in dealing with the database and STATA. I am also indebted to two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments on an earlier version of this article.

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Carvalho, A. Quantifying the Third Sector in Portugal: An Overview and Evolution from 1997 to 2007. Voluntas 21, 588–610 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-010-9157-1

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