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Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in south-Asian countries: a review of risk factors and etiology to prioritize control measures

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Abstract

Mastitis is a major production disease, causing significant economic losses for dairy farmers in South-Asian countries, as well as other parts of the world. Udder health control programs (UHCP) have been established in developed countries as an effective strategy for mastitis control but have not yet been introduced in South-Asian low-income countries like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. To launch UHCP successfully in dairy herds in South-Asia, it is important to know the current prevalence and risk factors for subclinical mastitis (SCM). Therefore, a narrative literature review was conducted with the aim to describe the dairy sector, the prevalence of SCM and its causal agents, risk factors for mastitis occurrence and the control measures suggested by different studies conducted in the selected countries. The literature revealed that India had the highest cattle population. Milking was mainly done by hand in all of the studied countries. Stall feeding was done in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and limited access to grazing was also reported in some farms in India and Pakistan. There was substantial variation in the prevalence of SCM between studies in all 4 countries, ranging from about 20% to about 80%, but the average prevalence across all studies was high (50%). The most common causal agents for SCM were non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia (E.) coli. The management related risk factors reported for SCM were stall feeding of cows, a higher stock density, cracked floors, open drains, the presence of flies, poor drainage, peri-parturient diseases, infrequent dung removal and earth floors. The control measures suggested in these studies were to improve the hygiene and sanitation of cows, to improve the cleanliness of farms and milker’s hands, to apply dry cow therapy, supplementing micronutrients and routine screening for SCM combined with taking intervention measures like isolation of cows or milking infected cows last, and proper treatment. Also, full hand milking, complete milking, machine milking, and providing feed and water immediately after milking have been recommended. Finally, we show that current literature often studies the same set of (non-manageable) risk factors, so more research is needed to obtain a comprehensive picture of the determinants of SCM. Randomized controlled trials are needed to truly quantify the effect of intervention under field conditions. Altogether, our work gives an overview of the udder health situation in South-Asia and provides the basis for the design of UHCP in this region.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the Utrecht University, the Netherlands, for their support from the library providing access to required articles.

Funding

The research was funded by Swedish Research Council (grant nr: 2015–05897).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dairy and Poultry Science, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh

    Md Saiful Bari

  2. Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh

    Md Saiful Bari, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Ylva Persson, Marjolein Derks, Md. Abu Sayeed, Delower Hossain, Shuvo Singha, Md. Ahasanul Hoque & Gerrit Koop

  3. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh

    Md. Mizanur Rahman, Shuvo Singha & Md. Ahasanul Hoque

  4. Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden

    Ylva Persson

  5. Farm Technology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Marjolein Derks

  6. Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh

    Md. Abu Sayeed

  7. Department of Medicine and Public Health, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Delower Hossain

  8. Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, India

    Subramnian Sivaraman

  9. Division of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

    Palika Fernando

  10. Department of Livestock Managment, Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawa, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Ijaz Ahmad

  11. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai, India

    Abdul Samad

  12. Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Gerrit Koop

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  1. Md Saiful Bari
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Contributions

MSB, MMR, and GK designed the study and drafted the manuscript. MSB, MAS, DH, SS contributed to the data collection. MSB did the data analysis and drafted the results. GK, YP, MD, MAH, SS, MAS, IA, and PF reviewed the manuscript critically. All the authors contributed to the manuscript significantly, and agreed to the final contents.

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Correspondence to Md Saiful Bari.

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Bari, M.S., Rahman, M.M., Persson, Y. et al. Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in south-Asian countries: a review of risk factors and etiology to prioritize control measures. Vet Res Commun 46, 621–640 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-022-09948-x

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