Abstract
The synergistic impact of climate change and biological invasions poses major threats to biodiversity. Although previous studies have revealed that climate warming enhances the invasiveness of non-native plants, little is known about the eco-physiological mechanisms underlying the changes in invasiveness promoted by a changing climate. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of warming on the phenology and eco-physiological background of the invasive annual weed Bidens pilosa var. pilosa in temperate regions. We compared the timing of germination, seedling growth, and flowering phenology at two study sites that differed in the mean annual temperature by 2.8 °C. From winter to early spring, germination commenced earlier; seedling growth was more rapid at the warmer site than at the cooler site. In the warmer site, some seedlings bore flowers from winter to early spring (spring flowering), whereas spring flowering was rarely recorded at the cooler site. The results of laboratory experiments indicated that spring flowering occurred when the daylength was sufficiently short for induction of flowering and when the growth stage exceeded a threshold size. To assess the impact of phenological shifts on invasiveness, we constructed a simple model for estimating the number of seeds produced annually (propagule pressure). Model estimates indicated that even partial spring flowering resulted in an exponential increase in propagule pressure. These findings indicate that phenological shifts caused by warmer temperature resulted in a substantial increase in invasiveness, which is more pronounced than that caused by growth promotion alone.
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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Masaki Uchida of the National Institute of Polar Research for his helpful advice on data analysis. We also thank the anonymous journal reviewers for their valuable comments, and Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
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SO and TN contributed to study conception and design. Field studies and laboratory experiments were performed by SO. Data analysis was performed by SO, TN, and JW. The first draft of the manuscript was written by SO; all authors commented on the previous versions of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Osaki, S., Wasaki, J. & Nakatsubo, T. Phenological shifts of the invasive annual weed Bidens pilosa var. pilosa in response to warmer temperature. Plant Ecol 223, 1155–1165 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-022-01262-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-022-01262-5