Abstract
Enterococci and Salmonella were isolated from feces of chicken in intensive poultry farms and cattle which are maintained following traditional practices. Their resistance to different antibiotics was also determined. A total of 298 enterococcal isolates consisting of Enterococcus faecium (49.6%), Enterococcus durans (26.9%), Enterococcus hirea (11.9%), and Enterococcus faecalis (11.5%) were obtained. Among the enterococci, resistance to erythromycin (Ery), clindamicin (Cli), amoxicillin (Amo), ampicillin (Amp), and cephalothin (Cep) was high. Resistance to vancomycin (Van) was detected in all enterococcal species. Over 80% of the isolates showed multiple drug resistance. The most dominant patterns in poultry were Amo/Amp/Cep/Pen and Amo/Amp/Cep/Cli/Pen/Van. Among isolates from cattle, Amo/Amp/Cep/Cli/Ery/Pen/Van and Amo/Amp/Cli/Ery/Pen/Van constituted the most dominant multiple resistance patterns. A total of 51 Salmonella isolates were obtained from poultry (43/280) and cattle (8/450). About 70% of the isolates had varying resistance to the tested antibiotics. Multiple drug resistance was observed in over 30% of the Salmonella isolates. The most frequent resistance pattern was Amo/Amp/Cip/Gen/Str in cattle and Amo/Amp/Cep/Cip/Gen/Kan/Str in poultry. Enteroccoccal and Salmonella isolates showed multiple resistance to those antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine. The high frequency of isolation of resistant enterococci is indicative of the wide dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the farm environment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aarestrup, F. M., Wegener C. H., Collignon P., 2008. Resistance in bacteria of the food chain: epidemiology and control strategies. Expert Rev Anti-infect Ther, 6: 733–750.
Anderson, J. F., Parrish, T. D., Akhtar, M., Zurek, L., Hirt, H., 2008. Antibiotic resistance of Enterococci in American bison (Bison bison) from a nature preserve compared to that of Enterococci in pastured cattle, Appl Environ Microbiol, 74: 1726–1730.
Akhi, M.T., Farzaneh, F., Oskouei M., 2009. Study of enterococcal susceptibility patterns isolated from clinical specimens in Tabriz, Iran, Pakistan J Med Sci, 25: 211–216.
Barbour, E. K., Nabbut, N. H., 1982. Isolation of Salmonella and some other potential pathogens from two chicken breeding farms in Saudi Arabia, Avian Dis, 26, 234–244.
Bonomo, R.A., Rossolini, G.M., 2008. Importance of antibiotic resistance and resistance mechanisms. Expert Rev Anti-infect Ther, 6: 549–550.
Chingwaru, W., Mpuchane, SF., Gashe, BA., 2003. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from milk, beef, and chicken and their antibiotic resistance, Journal of Food Protection, 66, 931–936.
Consumers Union, 2003. Presence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in retail poultry products: a report on tests by members in Australia and the United States. An information paper presented by Consumers International to the Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods 14th Session, Washington. http://www.consumersunion.org/about/
de Jong A, Bywater R, Butty P, Deroover E, Godinho K, Klein U, Marion H, Simjee S, Smets K, Thomas V, Vallé M, Wheadon A., 2009. A pan-European survey of antimicrobial susceptibility towards human-use antimicrobial drugs among zoonotic and commensal enteric bacteria isolated from healthy food-producing animals. J Antimicrob Chemother, 63:733–44
Gaedirelwe OG, Sebunya TK., 2008. The Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella sp. in poultry and ostrich samples from slaughter houses in Gaborone, Botswana. J Anim Vet Adv, 7: 1151–1154.
Gregerson G., 1978. Rapid method for distinction of Gram negative from gram positive bacteria. European J Appl Microbiol, 5: 123–127.
Hao Van, T., Moutafis, G., Thuoc Tran, L., Coloe P. J., 2007. Antibiotic resistance in food-borne bacterial contaminants in Vietnam. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73: 7906–7911.
Hayes, J.R., English, L.L., Carr, L.E., Wagner, D.D., Joseph, S.W., 2004. Multiple antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from commercial poultry production environments. Appl Environ Microbiol, 70: 6005–6011
Jorgenson,J.H.; Turnidge, J.D.; Washington, J.A., 1999. Dilution and disc diffusion method. In: Murray, P.R., Baron, E.J., Pfaller, M.A., Tenover, F.C., Yolken, R.H., (eds), Manual of Clinical Microbiology 7thed, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC pp. 1526–1543
Katsunuma Y, Hanazumi M, Fujisaki H, Minato H, Kataoka Y, Sawada T, Hashimoto Y, Yonemochi C. 2008. Comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli and Enterococci isolates from the feces of livestock and livestock farmers in Japan. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 54:39–50
Lukasova, J., Sustackova, A., 2003. Enterococci and antibiotic resistance. Acta Vet Brun, 72: 315–323
Lundin, J. I., Dargatz, D. A., Wagner, B. A., Lombard, J. E., Hill, A. E., Ladely, S. R., Fedorka-Cray P. J., 2008. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Isolates from United States Dairy Cows, Foodborne Pathog Dis, 5: 7–19.
Manson, JM., Amith, JM. Cook, GM., 2004. Persistence of vancomycin resistant in New Zealand broilers after discontinuation of avopracin use, Appl Environ Microbiol, 70: 5764–5768
Mathew AG., Cissell R., Liamthong S., 2007. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with food animals: a United States perspective of livestock production, Food borne pathog Dis, 4: 115–133.
Mengistu, A., 2005. FAO Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Ethipia.http://WWW.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/doc/pasture/forage.htm
Molla, B., Mesfin, A., Alemayehu, D., 2003. Multiple antimicrobial resistant Salmonella serotypes isolated from chicken carcass and giblets in Debre Zeit and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop. J Health Dev, 17: 131–149
Murugkar, H.V., Rahman, H., Ashok Kumar, Bhattacharyya, D., 2005. Isolation, phage typing and antibiogram of Salmonella from man and animals in Northeastern India. Indian J Med Res, 122: 237–242
Oloya, J., Theis, M., Doetkott, D., Dyer, N., Gibbs, P., Khaitsa, M.L., 2007. Evaluation of Salmonella occurrence in domestic animals and humans in North Dakota (2000–2005), Foodborne Pathog Dis, 4: 551–563.
Pieskus, J., Pia Franciosini,M., Proietti, P.C., Reich, F., Kazeniauskas, E., Butrimaite-Ambrozeviciene, C., Mauricas, M., Bolder, N. 2008. Preliminary investigation on Salmonella spp. Incidence in meat chicken farms in Italy, Germany and the Netherlands. Int J Poul Sci, 7: 813–817.
Presi P, Stärk KD, Stephan R, Breidenbach E, Frey J, Regula G. 2009. Risk scoring for setting priorities in a monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in meat and meat products. Int J Food Microbiol, 130: 94–100
Sahlström, L., Rehbinder’V., Albihn, A., Aspan, A., Bengtsson, B., 2009. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) in Swedish sewage sludge. Acta Vet Scand, 51:
Seong, C.N., Shim, E.S., Kim, S.M., Yoo, J.C., 2004. Prevalence and characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in chicken intestines and humans of Korea, Arch Pharm Res, 27: 246–253
Tejedor, M. T., Gonzalez, M. M., Toledo, L.P., Gomez, P. L., Martin Barrasa, J. L., 2001. Identification and antibiotic resistance of Faecal enterococci isolated from water samples, Int J Hyg Environ Health, 203: 363–368
Van Hoorebeke, S., Van Immerseel, F., De Vylder J., Ducatelle, R., Haesebrouck, F., Pasmans, F., de Kruif A., Dewulf J., 2008. Faecal sampling underestimates the actual prevalence of Salmonella in laying hen flocks, Zoon Pub Health, 56: 471–476.
Wallinga, D., Bermudez, N., Hopkins, E., 2002. Poultry on antibiotics: hazards to human health, 2nd edn. Sierra Club and IATP,pp27.
Wassenaar, T.M., Silley P., 2008. Antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic bacteria: lessons learned from host-specific pathogens. Anim Health Res Rev, 9: 177–186.
Worku, A., 2005. Isolation of Multi-drug resistant enterococci in patients and health care workers in Tikur anbessa hospital. MSc thesis. Faculty of medicine, Addis Ababa University.
Yoshimura, H., Ishimaru, M., Endoh, Y.S., Kojima, A., 2004. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Enterococci isolated from faeces of broiler and layer chickens. Lett Appl Microbiol 31: 427–432
Acknowledgment
The first author thanks Sida/SAREC for the financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bekele, B., Ashenafi, M. Distribution of drug resistance among enterococci and Salmonella from poultry and cattle in Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 42, 857–864 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9499-0
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9499-0