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In Situ XPS Analysis of Tribo-chemical Behavior in Titanium Alloy Exposed to Fretting Wear Under the Vacuum Environments

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Abstract

A systematic experimental investigation concerning the fretting-induced tribo-chemical state and its effect on the fretting wear behavior of titanium alloys under the vacuum atmospheres (4 × 10–3 Pa and 4 × 10–1 Pa) in different fretting regimes is reported. An in situ XPS analysis tester was developed to capture the real tribo-chemical state of worn surface for all test conditions. Results show that samples subjected to different vacuum atmospheres have varied tribo-chemical states depending on the fretting regime, which play significantly different roles in determining the associated damage mechanisms and the resulting fretting wear resistance. Under both vacuum atmospheres, in the partial slip regime (PSR) the worn scars were mainly covered by TiO2, showing comparable levels of very slight damage, while in the mixed fretting regime (MFR), the tribo-layer is still mainly consisted of TiO2, but with an evident peak of Ti metal for the high vacuum degree (4 × 10–3 Pa) in MFR, showing a mild damage. In contrast, in the gross slip regime (GSR), Ti metal was prone to be oxidized to Ti2O3 and TiO on the worn scar, especially for the low vacuum degree (4 × 10–1 Pa) having a highest content of Ti2O3. It might be inferred that the tribo-layer containing more Ti2O3 formed during fretting wear process is susceptible to be broken, hence showing a highest fretting wear volume in GSR for the low vacuum degree. The results suggest that for the vacuum environments, the Ti6Al4V may be more suitable to be used under the high vacuum atmosphere.

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Data Availability

The data used in this research are available upon request. Please contact the corresponding author for access to the data.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support provided by Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2023NSFSC0413), the Natural Science Foundation of China (51575459) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2682023GF018).

Funding

This work was supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2023NSFSC0413), the Natural Science Foundation of China (51575459) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2682023GF018).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China

    Jianjun Long, Xuejiao Wei, Yiting Dong, Xixi Cheng, Hao Li, Xiaojun Xu & Minhao Zhu

  2. Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629HS, Delft, The Netherlands

    Xiaojun Xu

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  1. Jianjun Long
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Jianjun Long and Xuejiao Wei: experiments, data analysis and manuscript preparation. Xixi Cheng, Yiting Dong and Hao Li: materials characterization and data analysis. Xiaojun Xu and Minhao Zhu: supervision, funding acquisition and the revision and embellishment of the manuscript.

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Long, J., Wei, X., Dong, Y. et al. In Situ XPS Analysis of Tribo-chemical Behavior in Titanium Alloy Exposed to Fretting Wear Under the Vacuum Environments. Tribol Lett 72, 43 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-024-01842-8

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