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Silver-Organic Oil Additive for High-Temperature Applications

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Abstract

Modern lubricants face the task of providing lubrication over a wide range of temperatures, and extreme engine temperatures can exceed the thermal degradation limits of many engine oils. Soft metal additives can extend the life of engine oils at very high temperatures by providing solid lubrication to contacting surfaces. We report a new silver–organic complex which contains a high metal content and minimal supporting organic ligands. This silver pyrazole–pyridine complex is evaluated as a friction-reducing and anti-wear additive in engine oil at testing temperatures which thermally degrade the base oil. Two sets of ball-on-disk tests are performed: the first at a constant temperature of 200 °C and the second while increasing the chamber temperature from 180 to 330 °C. At 200 °C, the wear is considerably reduced compared with the base oil when the silver-organic additive is present at 2.5–5.0 wt%. Furthermore, the silver-based additive at 20 wt% in oil induces a remarkable friction reduction during the temperature ramp test, so much, so that the tribological transition from the oil as the primary lubricant to its degradation, and to the silver additive as the primary lubricant, is imperceptible.

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Notes

  1. [Ag(pyrazol-pyridine)]2(NO3)2 (A). A solution of AgNO3 (145 mg, 0.86 mmol) in 2 mL of water was added to a solution of 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyrazol-1-yl-methylpyridine (216 mg, 0.86 mmol) in 5 mL of methanol. The mixture was stirred for 15 min. The solvent was then removed under vacuum and hexane (5 mL) was added. After 5 min of ultrasonic titration, a white solid precipitated and was collected by filtration and dried to yield [Ag(pyrazol-pyridine)]2(NO3)2 (A) as white microcrystalline powder (271 mg, 75 %). Colorless crystals suitable for X-ray data collection were obtained by layering hexane over a CH2Cl2 solution of A. 1H NMR (500 MHz, acetone): δ 2.29 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.52 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.86 (s, 3H, OCH3), 5.75 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.47 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H, CH (Pz)), 7.71 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H, CH (Pz)), 8.14 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H, CH (Pz)), 8.34 (s, 1H, CH (Py)). 13C NMR (125 MHz, acetone): δ11.58 (CH3 (Py) o-CH2), 13.35 (CH3 (Py) p-CH2), 55.63 (CH2), 61.07 (OCH3), 107.59 (CHcentral (Pz)), 127.75 (CH (Py) o-CH2), 128.45 (CH (Py) p-CH2), 132.64 (CH (Pz)), 142.28 (CH (Pz)), 151.88 (CH (Py) m-CH2), 153.56 (CH CH2), 166.34 (CH OCH3). Anal.Calcd.for C12H15N4O4Ag (387.14): C, 37.23; H, 3.91; N, 14.47. Found: C, 37.29; H, 3.93; N, 14.37. ESI-MS (p.i., CH3OH, m/z, I%): 106.91, [Ag]+; 150.09, [PyCH]+; 218.13, [LH]+; 324.03, [Ag(L)]+; 388.18, [Ag(L)(NO3)H]+; 541.15, [Ag(L)2]+.

  2. DMSO has very low toxicity and is considered environmentally safe [28].

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM), Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF), and the EPIC facility of the NUANCE Center at Northwestern University for use of the SEM and EDS equipment. The NUANCE Center is supported by NSF-NSEC, NSF-MRSEC, Keck Foundation, the State of Illinois, and Northwestern University. C. Twist acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation Graduate Student Fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, B224, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA

    Christina P. Twist, Matthew Snow & Q. Jane Wang

  2. Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124, Parma, Italy

    Irene Bassanetti & Luciano Marchió

  3. Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA

    Massimiliano Delferro & Tobin J. Marks

  4. Department of Science, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar

    Hassan Bazzi

  5. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA

    Yip-Wah Chung

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  1. Christina P. Twist
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  2. Irene Bassanetti
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  4. Massimiliano Delferro
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  7. Luciano Marchió
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Correspondence to Tobin J. Marks or Q. Jane Wang.

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Twist, C.P., Bassanetti, I., Snow, M. et al. Silver-Organic Oil Additive for High-Temperature Applications. Tribol Lett 52, 261–269 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-013-0211-1

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