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Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Transesterification Catalysed by Black Pepper Seed-Potassium Hydroxide Catalyst

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Abstract

This study proposed biodiesel production from refined, bleached, and deodorised palm oil via transesterification using black pepper seed-KOH catalyst. A heterogeneous industrial waste catalyst, notably black pepper seed-KOH, was proposed because it can offer sustainability in biodiesel production. While among first generation oil feedstocks, palm oil stands out due to its high productivity because more palm oil can be generated per land area than others. Despite the most common use of the pseudo-first-order kinetic model in biodiesel studies, limited attention has been given to the second-order and reversible kinetics studies. Therefore, catalyst characterization encompassed SEM, EDX, TGA, PSA, FTIR, and basicity tests were first performed. Then, transesterification was executed at different temperatures (50–70 °C), 240-minute reaction time, 6:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 5 wt% catalyst loading, and 200 rpm to obtain the best fit kinetic model and thermodynamic data. The results displayed a pseudo-irreversible first-order kinetics. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor were determined as 61.5195 kJ mol−1 and 1.1367 × 107 min−1. While, thermodynamic value was calculated, ΔH = 58.7528 kJ mol−1, ΔS = − 0.0850 kJ mol−1 K−1 and ΔG = 86.2157 to 87.9162 kJ mol−1. Therefore, the transesterification was defined as an endothermic, endogenic, and non-spontaneous reaction. This study demonstrates the black pepper seed-KOH’s efficacy in biodiesel production and enhances understanding of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters governing the transesterification process.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, for their generous financial support under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), contract number: FRGS/1/2019/TK10/CURTIN/03/1. The authors also thank all authors for realizing the current work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Yao Zu Tan, Yie Hua Tan, Jibrail Kansedo & Bridgid Lai Fui Chin

  2. Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam

    Yie Hua Tan, N. M. Mubarak & Rama Rao Karri

  3. Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India

    N. M. Mubarak

  4. School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mohd Lokman Ibrahim

  5. Centre of Nanomaterials Research, Institute of Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mohd Lokman Ibrahim

  6. Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, University of Technology Sarawak, No. 1, Jalan Universiti, 96000, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Peter Nai Yuh Yek

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  1. Yao Zu Tan
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Contributions

YZT–Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing—Original Draft. YHT–Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing, Review & Editing. JK– Supervision, Validation. NMM and BLFC–Review & Editing. RRK–Software. MLI and PNYY–Resources.

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Correspondence to Yie Hua Tan or N. M. Mubarak.

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Tan, Y.Z., Tan, Y.H., Kansedo, J. et al. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Transesterification Catalysed by Black Pepper Seed-Potassium Hydroxide Catalyst. Top Catal 67, 810–827 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-023-01891-8

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