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Biogenic Synthesis of Magnetic Palladium Nanoparticles Decorated Over Reduced Graphene Oxide Using Piper Betle Petiole Extract (Pd-rGO@Fe3O4 NPs) as Heterogeneous Hybrid Nanocatalyst for Applications in Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reactions of Biphenyl Compounds

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Abstract

Biogenic synthesis of magnetic palladium decorated over reduced graphene oxide (Pd-rGO@Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) were carried out using Piper betle petiole extract. The reduction of palladium (+ 2) to palladium (0) oxidation state, graphene oxide to reduced graphene oxide carried out by the phytochemicals present in the petiole extract which aids in reduction as well as stabilizing the formed (Pd-rGO@Fe3O4) nanoparticles. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrum (LC-MS) as detector was used to identify the major phytochemicals present in the Piper betle petiole extract. The reduced graphene oxide creates a mesoporous structure for the palladium metal to deposit along with the magnetite which assist in easy recovery of the formed nanoparticles from the reaction course. The synthesized Pd-rGO@Fe3O4 NPs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). Thermal stability of the Pd-rGO@Fe3O4 NPs were carried out using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The synthesized Pd-rGO@Fe3O4 NPs used as hybrid nanocatalyst in Suzuki − Miyaura coupling reaction of biphenyl compounds. The synthesized biphenyl compounds were characterized by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1 H NMR). The heterogeneous hybrid nanocatalyst Pd-rGO@Fe3O4 NPs recovered, isolated using external magnet and was successfully used for three cycles in C-C coupling reaction without any significant loss in catalytic activity.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences (MSRUAS), Bangalore for providing basic facilities. Authors are thankful to KLE Dr. M S Sheshgiri college of Engineering and Technology for encouragement and partial financial support. Authors also acknowledge their thankfulness to Centre for Nano and Soft Materials, Bangalore, Ramaiah Institute of Technology (RIT), Bangalore and IISc, Bangalore for providing the characterization facilities.

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All authors declare that they have not received any funding from any source, organization or institutions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management (AITM), 590009, Belagavi, Karnataka, India

    Vinayak Adimule

  2. Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to VTU), 560054, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Basappa C Yallur

  3. Department of Chemistry, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, 560058, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Maya M Pai & Sheetal R Batakurki

  4. Chemistry Section, Department of Engineering Science and Humanities, KLE Technological University Dr. M. S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology, 590008, Udhyambagh, Belagavi, Karnataka, India

    Santosh S Nandi

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Contributions

Dr. Vinayak Adimule has crafted the manuscript. Dr. Basappa. C. Yallur has contributed for the characterization of the nanocatalyst. Mrs. Maya Pai M has carried the synthesis and characterization of Coupling reactions. Dr. Sheetal R. Batakurki has designed the work, carried out spectral characterization and contributed to draft the manuscript. Dr. Santosh Nandi has prepared the hybrid nanocatalyst.

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Correspondence to Sheetal R Batakurki or Santosh S Nandi.

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Adimule, V., Yallur, B.C., Pai, M.M. et al. Biogenic Synthesis of Magnetic Palladium Nanoparticles Decorated Over Reduced Graphene Oxide Using Piper Betle Petiole Extract (Pd-rGO@Fe3O4 NPs) as Heterogeneous Hybrid Nanocatalyst for Applications in Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reactions of Biphenyl Compounds. Top Catal (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-022-01672-9

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