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Fundamentals of Methanol Synthesis on Metal Carbide Based Catalysts: Activation of CO2 and H2

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Abstract

CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and to other alcohols constitutes an appealing route to recycle the large amount accumulated in the atmosphere through fossil-derived fuels burning. However, CO2 high chemical stability makes the overall process difficult and appropriate catalysts are needed. Transition metal carbides, either as active phase or as a support for noble metal clusters, have been shown to be able to activate CO2. Here, the mechanism involved in the decomposition of H2 and CO2 on many early transition metal carbides (TMC) surfaces is analyzed with the help of density functional theory (DFT) based calculations complemented by key experiments. Results show that H2 dissociation on VC and δ-MoC is unlikely, that TiC and ZrC are more reactive leading to an exothermic but activated process and that the C:Mo ratio is determinant factor since H2 dissociation on β-Mo2C(001) surface is even more exothermic. The DFT based calculations also show that CO2 adsorption on TMC results in an activated species with TMC → CO2 charge transfer, C–O bond elongations and OCO bending. Supporting Cu4 and Au4 clusters on TMCs(001) surfaces leads to more active catalysts due to the induced charge polarization. For H2 dissociation, TiC appears to be the best support, enhancing both H2 thermodynamics and kinetics. CO2 is strongly adsorbed on supported Cu4 and Au4 clusters, and the adsorption energy strength correlates with the methanol formation rate: Cu4/TiC(001) > Au4/TiC(001) > Cu/ZnO(001) ≫ Cu(111), thus providing potential alternative catalysts for methanol synthesis, in principle dozens of times better than commercial Cu/ZnO based catalysts.

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Acknowledgments

The research carried out at the Universitat de Barcelona was supported by the Spanish MINECO grant CTQ2012-30751 grant and, in part, by Generalitat de Catalunya (Grants 2014SGR97 and XRQTC). The research carried out at BNL was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Chemical Sciences Division (DE-AC02-98CH10886). S.P.P acknowledges financial support from Spanish MEC predoctoral Grant associated to CTQ-2012-30751; F.V. thanks the MINECO for a postdoctoral Ramón y Cajal Grant (RYC-2012-10129); F.I. acknowledges additional support through the ICREA Academia award for excellence in research. Computational time at the MARENOSTRUM supercomputer has been provided by the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre through a Grant from Red Española de Supercomputación.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departament de Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

    Sergio Posada-Pérez, Francesc Viñes & Francesc Illas

  2. Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 555, Upton, NY, 11973, USA

    José A. Rodriguez

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  1. Sergio Posada-Pérez
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Correspondence to Francesc Illas.

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Posada-Pérez, S., Viñes, F., Rodriguez, J.A. et al. Fundamentals of Methanol Synthesis on Metal Carbide Based Catalysts: Activation of CO2 and H2 . Top Catal 58, 159–173 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-014-0355-8

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