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Digital Rock Analysis Based on X-ray Computed Tomography of a Complex Pre-salt Carbonate Reservoir from the Santos Basin, SE Brazil

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Abstract

The porous systems of carbonate reservoirs show a great diversity of pore types and high heterogeneity that can reflect the interplay of several elements including physical, chemical, and biological depositional processes, intense diagenesis, fracturing, and hydrothermal alterations. All these factors combine in the Aptian Barra Velha Formation carbonates from Santos Basin, SE offshore Brazil, which comprises the most prolific hydrocarbon reservoirs from Brazil. The geological complexity of this formation has represented a major challenge for oil forecast, recovery and production. The absence of outcrops, proper analogs and the limited access to core samples of this deep formation adds to the challenges involved in the geological and petrophysical characterization of such reservoirs. In this context, X-ray computed tomography (CT) can become a key technique applied for non-destructive quantitative analyses and 3D visualization of different rock structures. The present article reports the results obtained from X-ray CT images applying digital rock analysis to characterize the complex pore networks and mineral phases of the Barra Velha Formation reservoir. Multi-resolution CT-scan petrophysics was combined with detailed petrography and petrology, aiming to understand the geological factors controlling porosity distribution. Mineral segmentation was split into three mineral phases: carbonate, undefined (microporosity and diagenetic material) and dense minerals. The high percentage of undefined phase was commonly associated with intense dolomitic cementation and related to low permeabilities. Shrubstone and Intraclastic rudstone lithologies showed the best reservoir properties, mainly when the dominant growth framework and interparticle porosity, was associated with dissolution, enhancing the pore connectivity. Pore network analysis revealed the tendency of larger pores to be associated with higher coordination numbers, presenting greater pore connectivity. This study aims to contribute to future work on Brazilian pre-salt carbonates’ pore type and multi-scale characterization, providing new insights into the characteristics and factors related to the samples’ connectivity.

Article highlights

  • The use of X-ray CT image processing approach allowed non-destructively to analyze rock samples, and to obtain detailed information about their internal structure.

  • Image analysis using X-ray CT has enabled a more detailed characterization of lacustrine pre-salt carbonate rock samples by segmenting the mineral phases and calculating porosity.

  • The DRA approach was proposed to obtain a digital rock model based on different pore-scale information, including medial CT and high-resolution CT scans.

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Modified from Moreira et al. (2007)

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the support of EPIC—Energy Production Innovation Center, hosted by the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and sponsored by FAPESP – São Paulo Research Foundation (2017/15736-3). We acknowledge the support and funding from Equinor Brazil and support of ANP (Brazil’s National Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency) through the R&D levy regulation. Acknowledgements are extended to the Center for Energy and Petroleum Studies (CEPETRO), School of Mechanical Engineering (FEM), and we thank Thermo Fisher Scientific, and the PerGeos software used in this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Energy and Petroleum Studies (CEPETRO), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campus Universitário Zeferino Vaz‑Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, CEP: 13083‑970, Brazil

    Gabriela Fernandes Matheus, Mateus Basso, João Paulo da Ponte Souza & Alexandre Campane Vidal

  2. Department of Energy, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

    Gabriela Fernandes Matheus & João Paulo da Ponte Souza

  3. Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Geosciences Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

    Alexandre Campane Vidal

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  1. Gabriela Fernandes Matheus
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  2. Mateus Basso
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GFM contributed to conceptualization, methodology, software, writing—original draft, formal analysis, and investigation. MB contributed to methodology and writing—original draft. JPPS contributed to software and data curation. ACV contributed to writing—review and editing, project administration, and supervision.

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Correspondence to Gabriela Fernandes Matheus.

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Matheus, G.F., Basso, M., da Ponte Souza, J.P. et al. Digital Rock Analysis Based on X-ray Computed Tomography of a Complex Pre-salt Carbonate Reservoir from the Santos Basin, SE Brazil. Transp Porous Med 150, 15–44 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-023-01986-6

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