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Cotransport of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles and Kaolinite Colloids in Porous Media

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Abstract

This study examines the influence of pH and ionic strength (\(I_{\mathrm{S}}\)) on the cotransport of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles and kaolinite (KGa-1b) colloids. Several flowthrough experiments were conducted in water-saturated columns, packed with either glass beads or quartz sand, in order to determine the transport behavior of GO and KGa-1b independently, as well as the cotransport behavior of GO together with KGa-1b. Various water chemistry conditions (\(\hbox {pH}=4, 7, 10\) and \(I_{\mathrm{S}}=7, 12, 27\,\hbox {mM}\)) were considered. Collision efficiencies were calculated using the classical colloid filtration theory. Interaction energy profiles between GO nanoparticles or KGa-1b colloids and glass beads or quartz sand were constructed for the various experimental conditions, by using measured zeta potentials and applying the classical Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theory. The cotransport experimental breakthrough data suggested that by lowering the pH, the retention of GO nanoparticles is enhanced, due to a possible increase in heteroaggregation between GO nanoparticles and KGa-1b colloids. Also, by increasing the \(I_{\mathrm{S}}\) values, the retention of GO nanoparticles was slightly increased. The mass recovery of GO nanoparticles was reduced, and the transport of GO nanoparticles was retarded in the presence of KGa-1b colloids. Furthermore, the retention of GO nanoparticles was greater for columns packed with quartz sand than glass beads.

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Abbreviations

\({A}_{123}\) :

Combined Hamaker constant, \(\hbox {M L}^{2}/\hbox {t}^{2}\)

\({C}_{\mathrm{GO}}\) :

Concentration of GO nanoparticles, \(\hbox {M/L}^{3}\)

\({C}_{0({\mathrm{GO}})}\) :

Initial concentration of GO nanoparticles, \(\hbox {M/L}^{3}\)

\({C}_{{i}}\) :

Concentration of particles i, \(\hbox {M/L}^{3}\)

\({C}_{{i}}^{*}\) :

Concentration of particles i attached onto the solid matrix, \(\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{s}}\)

\({C}_{0({{i}})}\) :

Initial concentration of particles i, \(\hbox {M/L}^{3}\)

\({C}_{\mathrm{KGa{\text {-}}1b}}\) :

Concentration of KGa-1b colloids, \(\hbox {M/L}^{3}\)

\({C}_{0({\mathrm{KGa{\text {-}}1b}})}\) :

Initial concentration of KGa-1b colloids, \(\hbox {M/L}^{3}\)

\({d}_{\mathrm{c}}\) :

Collector diameter, L

\({d}_{\mathrm{p}}\) :

Colloidal particle diameter, L

e :

Elementary charge (Coulomb), C

g :

Acceleration due to gravity, \(\hbox {L/t}^{2}\)

h :

Separation distance between two approaching surfaces, L

i :

Subscript indicating the GO nanoparticles or KGa-1b colloids

\({I}_{\mathrm{S}}\) :

Ionic strength (mol/L)

\({k}_{\mathrm{B}}\) :

Boltzmann’s constant, \(\hbox {M L}^{2}/(\hbox {t}^{2}\hbox { T})\)

L :

Length of packed column, L

\({M}_{{n}}\) :

nth normalized temporal moment, defined in Eq. (4), \(\mathrm{t}^{{n}}\)

\(\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{i}}\) :

Mass of particles i, \(\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{i}}\)

\(\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{s}}\) :

Mass of the solid matrix, \(\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{s}}\)

\({M}_{\mathrm{r(i)}}\) :

Mass recovery in the outflow of particles i (%)

\({M}_{\mathrm{r(tr)}}\) :

Tracer mass recovery in the outflow (%)

n :

Subscript indicating the order of the moment (−)

\({N}_{\mathrm{A}}\) :

Avogadro’s number (1/mol)

\({r}_{{{i-i}}^{*}}\) :

Rate coefficient of particle attachment onto the solid matrix, 1/t

\({r}_{{{i}}^{*}{{-i}}}\) :

Rate coefficient of particle detachment from the solid matrix, 1/t

\({r}_{\mathrm{p}}\) :

Colloidal particle radius, L

RB:

Ratio of \({M}_{\mathrm{r(i)}}\), relative to \({M}_{\mathrm{r(tr)}}\), (−)

t :

Time, (t)

\({t}_{\mathrm{p}}\) :

Time period of constant source concentration, t

T :

Temperature in Kelvin, (T)

U :

Pore water velocity, L/t

x :

Cartesian coordinate, L

\({\alpha }\) :

Collision efficiency (−)

\(\varepsilon \) :

Dielectric constant of the suspending liquid [\(\hbox {C}^{2}/(\hbox {J}\,\hbox {m})\)]

\(\varepsilon _{\mathrm{r} }\) :

Dimensionless relative dielectric constant of the suspending liquid (−)

\(\varepsilon _{0 }\) :

Permittivity of free space [\(\hbox {C}^{2}/(\hbox {J}\,\hbox {m})\)]

\(\eta _{0 }\) :

Dimensionless single-collector removal efficiency for favorable deposition (−)

\(\theta \) :

Porosity (−)

\(\kappa \) :

Debye–Huckel length, 1/L

\(\mu _{\mathrm{w}}\) :

Absolute fluid viscosity, M/(Lt)

\(\rho _{\mathrm{b}}\) :

Dry bulk density, \(\hbox {M/L}^{3}\)

\(\rho _{\mathrm{f}}\) :

Fluid density, \(\hbox {M/L}^{3}\)

\(\rho _{\mathrm{p}}\) :

Particle density, \(\hbox {M/L}^{3}\)

\(\varPhi _{\mathrm{Born}}\) :

Born potential energy (J), \(\hbox {M L}^{2}/\hbox {t}^{2}\)

\(\varPhi _{\mathrm{dl}}\) :

Double layer potential energy (J), \(\hbox {M L}^{2}/\hbox {t}^{2}\)

\(\varPhi _{\mathrm{max1}}\) :

Primary maximum of the total interaction energy (J), \(\hbox {M L}^{2}\hbox {/t}^{2}\)

\(\varPhi _{\mathrm{min1}}\) :

Primary minimum of total interaction energy (J), \(\hbox {M L}^{2}\hbox {/t}^{2}\)

\(\varPhi _{\mathrm{min2}}\) :

Secondary minimum of total interaction energy (J), \(\hbox {M L}^{2}\hbox {/t}^{2}\)

\(\varPhi _{\mathrm{vdW}}\) :

Van der Waals potential energy (J), \(\hbox {M L}^{2}\hbox {/t}^{2}\)

\(\varPsi _{1}\) :

Stern potential of GO nanoparticles (V)

\(\varPsi _{2}\) :

Stern potential of KGa-1b colloids (V)

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful for the various suggestions and thoughtful comments provided by V.E. Katzourakis. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. NGK-K conducted the energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis.

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  1. School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100, Chania, Greece

    Constantinos V. Chrysikopoulos & Nikolaos P. Sotirelis

  2. School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100, Chania, Greece

    Nikolaos G. Kallithrakas-Kontos

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  1. Constantinos V. Chrysikopoulos
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Chrysikopoulos, C.V., Sotirelis, N.P. & Kallithrakas-Kontos, N.G. Cotransport of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles and Kaolinite Colloids in Porous Media. Transp Porous Med 119, 181–204 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-017-0879-z

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