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Nuclear magnetic resonance characterizes metabolic differences in Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus embryogenic and organogenic calli and their regenerated shoots

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Abstract

NMR-based metabolic profiling of polar extracts of somatic embryogenic and organogenic cultures of the medicinal plant Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus were studied. Regeneration through somatic embryogenesis was done on media containing 2,4-D and BAP while organogenesis was achieved on media containing NAA and BAP. Fifty-two metabolites were identified in embryogenic calli (EC), organogenic calli (OC), regenerated embryogenic shoots (ES), and organogenic shoots (OS). Chemometrics and cluster analysis were used to depict the correlation between the groups investigated. Metabolic profiles revealed unique metabolites in ES (serine and lactate) and in OS (2-hydroxyisobutyrate, tyrosine, histamine and homoserine). Quantitative differences as manifested by relative concentrations through heat map and fold change analyses were significant in the following comparisons: calli type, embryogenic tissues, organogenic tissues, and shoot type. In a comparison of calli types, proline, asparagine and arginine were upregulated in EC and sucrose was upregulated in OC. When comparing embryogenic tissues, monosaccharides were upregulated in EC, while proline, pyroglutamate and 4-aminobutyrate were upregulated in ES. Upon comparison of organogenic tissues, trigonelline increased by 17-fold in OS; however, monosaccharides were upregulated in OC. Finally, when comparing shoot types, 4-aminobutyrate, betaine and proline were upregulated in ES, while mono- and disaccharides were upregulated in OS. The embryogenic system was characterized by accumulation of stress related metabolites (proline); however, glycolate was identified only in the organogenesis system. The present work contributes to the understanding of the metabolic characteristics and differences between the two regeneration systems as manifested by profiles of EC, OC, and their regenerated shoots.

Key Message

Metabolic characteristics of two regeneration systems (somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis) of Cymbopogon schoenanthus were examined using NMR-based profiles of calli and their regenerated shoots, revealing clear qualitative and quantitative differences between the two systems at the studied developmental stages.

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Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

EC:

Embryogenic calli

OC:

Organogenic calli

ES:

Embryogenic shoots

OS:

Organogenic shoots

NMR:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

BAP:

6-Benzylamino purine

NAA:

Naphthaleneacetic acid

2,4-D:

2,4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid

MSB5:

Murashige and Skoog 1962; Gamborg et al. 1968

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Culture Affairs and Missions Sector, Ministry of Higher Education in Egypt; South Carolina IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (SC-INBRE, 2 P20 GM103499); National Science Foundation Historically Black Colleges and Universities Undergraduate Program, Division of Human Resources Division (NSF HBCU-UP, HRD-1332516); and National Science Foundation Major Research Instrumentation, Division of Biological Infrastructure (NSF MRI, DBI-1429353).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt

    Asmaa Abdelsalam & Ahmed El-Bakry

  2. Biology Department, Claflin University, Orangeburg, SC, 29115, USA

    Kamal Chowdhury

  3. Chemistry Department, Claflin University, 898 Goff Ave., Orangeburg, SC, 29115, USA

    Arezue Boroujerdi

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  1. Asmaa Abdelsalam
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  2. Kamal Chowdhury
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  3. Arezue Boroujerdi
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  4. Ahmed El-Bakry
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by AA. The NMR data analysis and metabolite identification were revised by AB. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AA. AE made extensive critical revisions to the initial draft, concentrating on crucial themes and the manuscript's core goal. The final manuscript was revised by all authors.

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Correspondence to Arezue Boroujerdi.

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The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Asmaa Abdelsalam, Kamal Chowdhury, Arezue Boroujerdi and Ahmed El-Bakry declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Abdelsalam, A., Chowdhury, K., Boroujerdi, A. et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance characterizes metabolic differences in Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus embryogenic and organogenic calli and their regenerated shoots. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 149, 225–241 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-021-02202-3

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