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Syndesmis François, 1886 (Rhabdocoela: Umagillidae): a revisitation, with a synopsis and an identification key to species, and new molecular evidence for ascertaining the phylogeny of the group

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Abstract

Syndesmis François, 1886 is a genus of umagillid turbellarians comprising species which are typically endosymbionts of echinoids, i.e. sea urchins. This group is likely key in addressing the issue of transition between a free-living and a parasitic mode of life in the Platyhelminthes. Accordingly, its phylogeny should be considered for detailed analysis, namely by addressing molecular evidence for its different species. At the present time, a revisitation of Syndesmis is required and fully justified by the following lines of argument: (i) the body of knowledge on Syndesmis is large, but the information is scattered through many different works in the literature; (ii) for about 60 years, it was a common practice to assign the umagillids isolated from sea urchins as a single species, i.e. the type-species, Syndesmis echinorum François, 1886, which was later split into several species on morphological grounds; and (iii) the type-species - for which no molecular information is available - was redescribed and new species were described in recent years but the generic diagnosis of Syndesmis was not emended accordingly. The present state of art additionally justifies the necessity of (i) an updated synopsis of species and (ii) an identification key to the 26 species described from different hosts and geographical locations. All these aspects define the aims of the present study. It is proposed that S. antillarum is attributed to Stunkard & Corliss (1951) and not to Powers (1936).

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank an anonymous reviewer for the valuable comments on a previous version of the manuscript. A word of gratitude is also due to the working team of Dr Francisco Arenas from CIIMAR, who collected the samples of sea urchins for analysis.

Funding

This work was partially supported by the Structured Program of R&D&I INNOVMAR - Innovation and Sustainability in the Management and Exploitation of Marine Resources, reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000035, namely within the Research Line INSEAFOOD Innovation and valorization of seafood products: meeting local challenges and opportunities, within the R&D Institution CIIMAR (Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research), supported by the Northern Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020), through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The work was further supported by the attribution of a Grant (INSEAFOOD/BI/M3/2016-05) to Francisca Cavaleiro.

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  1. Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal

    Francisca I. Cavaleiro, Duarte G. Frade, Luís F. Rangel & Maria J. Santos

  2. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal

    Francisca I. Cavaleiro & Maria J. Santos

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Cavaleiro, F.I., Frade, D.G., Rangel, L.F. et al. Syndesmis François, 1886 (Rhabdocoela: Umagillidae): a revisitation, with a synopsis and an identification key to species, and new molecular evidence for ascertaining the phylogeny of the group. Syst Parasitol 95, 147–171 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-018-9781-5

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