Abstract
In this study, the role of social emotional learning and microsystem supports on the well-being of adolescents studying at the high school level was examined. It has been assumed that microsystem supports and social emotional learning created within the framework of the ecological approach have an important variance in explaining well-being in adolescents. A total of 1110 high school students, 560 male (50.5%) and 550 female (49.5%) participated in the study (Ageort = 15.52, sd = 0.85). A predictive relationship was found between peer relationships, parent engagement, self-regulation, social emotional learning and well-being. In addition to all these results, all these factors significantly explained the variance of well-being. Another important result is that SEL mediates between well being and ecological factors. This is proof that primarily supports social emotional learning is shaped by ecological factors. These findings are discussed in terms of the advantages of social emotional learning and microsystem support in order to increase the well-being of adolescents.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Change history
06 December 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09876-x
References
Arslan, G. (2018). Social exclusion, social support and psychological wellbeing at school: A study of mediation and moderation effect. Child Indicators Research, 11(3), 897–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9451-1.
Arslan, G., & Coşkun, M. (2022). School belongingness in academically at-risk adolescents: Addressing psychosocial functioning and psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness and Health, 3(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v3i1.9.
Arslan, G., & Wong, P. T. P. (2021). Measuring personal and social responsibility: An existential positive psychology Approach. Journal of Happiness and Health, 2(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v2i1.5.
Arslan, G., & Wong, P. (2023). Embracing life’s challenges: Developing a tool for assessing resilient mindset in second wave positive psychology. Journal of Happiness and Health.https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v4i1.53.
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Self–regulation and the executive functioning of the self. In M.R. Leary & J. P. Tangney J. P. (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp.197–217). Guilford Press.
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007). Self-regulation, ego depletion, and motivation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00001.x.
Beard, K. S., Vakil, J. B., Chao, T., & Hilty, C. D. (2021). Time for change: Understanding teacher social-emotional learning supports for anti-racism and student well-being during COVID-19, and beyond. Education and Urban Society, 55(7), 825-843.. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131245211062527.
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2015). School readiness and self-regulation: A developmental psychobiological approach. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 711–731. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221.
Bradbury, A., & Van Nieuwerburgh, C. (2022). Exploring positive experiences of engagement amongst Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) university students: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Happiness and Health, 3(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v3i1.30.
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Ceci, S. J. (1994). Nature-nuture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model. Psychological Review, 101(4), 568. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.568.
Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the Friendship Qualities Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11(3), 471–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407594113011.
Burke, J., & Arslan, G. (2021). A new forum for sharing happiness and health research. Journal of Happiness and Health, 1(1), 1–3.
Burkett-McKee, S., Knight, B. A., & Vanderburg, M. A. (2021). Psychological well-being of students with high abilities and their school’s ecology: Is there a relationship? Roeper Review, 43(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2021.1923593.
Cristóvão, A. M., Candeias, A. A., & Verdasca, J. (2017). Social and emotional learning and academic achievement in Portuguese schools: A bibliometric study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01913.
Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.16.
Dändliker, L., Brünecke, I., Citterio, P., Lochmatter, F., Buchmann, M., & Grütter, J. (2022). Educational concerns, health concerns and mental health during early COVID-19 school closures: The role of perceived support by teachers, family, and friends. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 733683. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733683.
Datu, J. A. D., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2020). The emotional pay-off of staying gritty: Linking grit with social-emotional learning and emotional well-being. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 48(5), 697–708. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2020.1758922.
Demirci, İ., & Ekşi, F. (2015). Five-dimensional model of adolescent well-being: Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the EPOCH measure. Journal of Youth Research, 3(3), 9–30.
Demirci, Bıçakçı, M. Y., & Uysal, B. (2022). Investigation of the effect of social emotional learning on peer relationships of adolescents. Journal of Education and Future, (21), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.789061.
Domitrovich, C. E., Durlak, J. A., Staley, K. C., & Weissberg, R. P. (2017). Social-emotional competence: An essential factor for promoting positive adjustment and reducing risk in school children. Child Development, 88(2), 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12739.
Dündar, Ş. (2014). The adaptation of the perceived parental and teacher academic involvement scale into Turkish. Journal of Educational Sciences Research, 4(1), 369–382.
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school‐based universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x.
Elliot, A. J., Thrash, T. M., & Murayama, K. (2011). A longitudinal analysis of self-regulation and well‐being: Avoidance personal goals, avoidance coping, stress generation, and subjective well‐being. Journal of Personality, 79(3), 643–674. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00694.x.
Erkan-Atik, Z., Esen-Çoban, A., Çok, F., Doğan, T., & Güney-Karaman, N. (2014). The Turkish adaptation of the friendship qualities scale: A validity and reliability study. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 14(2), 433–446. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2014.2.1778.
Fairless, M. E., Somers, C. L., Goutman, R. L., Kevern, C. A., Pernice, F. M., & Barnett, D. (2021). Adolescent achievement: Relative contributions of social emotional learning, self-efficacy, and microsystem supports. Education and Urban Society, 53(5), 561–584. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124520962085.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th edt.). McGram-Hill Companies.
Fredrick, S. S., & Jenkins, L. N. (2023). Social emotional learning and peer victimization among secondary school students. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 5(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-021-00113-7.
George, D. (2010). In P. Mallery (Ed.), SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 17.0 update. Pearson Education.
Gibson, D. M., & Jefferson, R. N. (2006). The effect of perceived parental involvement and the use of growth-fostering relationships on self-concept in adolescents participating in gear up. Family Therapy, 33(1), 29-43.
Gimbert, B. G., Miller, D., Herman, E., Breedlove, M., & Molina, C. E. (2023). Social emotional learning in schools: The importance of educator competence. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 18(1), 3-39.https://doi.org/10.1177/19427751211014920.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). Prentice Hall International.
Hasumi, T., Ahsan, F., Couper, C. M., Aguayo, J. L., & Jacobsen, K. H. (2012). Parental involvement and mental well-being of Indian adolescents. Indian Pediatrics, 49(11), 915–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-012-0218-y.
Hemmeter, M. L., Ostrosky, M., & Fox, L. (2006). Social and emotional foundations for early learning: A conceptual model for intervention. School Psychology Review, 35(4), 583–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2006.12087963.
Ho, R. (2006). Handbook of univaiate and multivariate data analysis and interpretation with SPSS. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Hofer, J., Busch, H., & Kärtner, J. (2011). Self–regulation and well–being: The influence of identity and motives. European Journal of Personality, 25(3), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.789.
Hoffman, A. J., Pullés, S. A., Medina, M. A., Pinetta, B. J., Rivas-Drake, D., Schaefer, D. R., & Jagers, R. J. (2021). Considering multiple levels of influence on adjustment in school: Ethnic–racial public regard, peer Socialization, and social‐emotional learning practices. Social Development, 30(3), 806–832. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12501.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
Hymel, S., Low, A., Starosta, L., Gill, R., & Schonert-Reichl, K. (2018). Promoting mental well-being through social-emotional learning in schools: Examples from British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 36(4), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2017-029.
Kaşıkcı, F., & Öğülmüş, S. (2023). Development of self-regulation scale for adolescents. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 56(1), 56–92. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.1190039.
Kern, M. L., Benson, L., Steinberg, E. A., & Steinberg, L. (2016). The EPOCH measure of adolescent well-being. Psychological Assessment, 28(5), 586–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000201.
Lawler, M. J., Newland, L. A., Giger, J. T., Roh, S., & Brockevelt, B. L. (2017). Ecological, relationship-based model of children’s subjective well-being: Perspectives of 10-year-old children in the United States and 10 other countries. Child Indicators Research, 10(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9376-0.
Lee, J. (2022). I always tell my children to learn from me: Parental engagement in social and emotional learning in Malawi. International Journal of Educational Research, 116, 102090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.102090.
Lippman, L. H., Moore, K. A., & McIntosh, H. (2011). Positive indicators of child well-being: A conceptual framework, measures, and methodological issues. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 6(4), 425–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-011-9138-6.
Newland, L. A. (2015). Family well-being, parenting, and child well‐being: Pathways to healthy adjustment. Clinical Psychologist, 19(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12059.
Pan, Y., Liang, S., Shek, D. T., Zhou, D., & Lin, X. (2023). Perceived school climate and adolescent behaviors among Chinese adolescents: Mediating effect of social-emotional learning competencies. Psychology in the Schools, 60(9), 3435-3451. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22932.
Pempek, T. A., & McDaniel, B. T. (2016). Young children’s tablet use and associations with maternal well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(8), 2636–2647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0413-x.
Ramirez, T., Brush, K., Raisch, N., Bailey, R., & Jones, S. M. (2021). Equity in social emotional learning programs: A content analysis of equitable practices in PreK-5 SEL Programs. Frontiers in Education, 6, 679467. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.679467.
Régner, I., Loose, F., & Dumas, F. (2009). Students’ perceptions of parental and teacher academic involvement: Consequences on achievement goals. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 24(2), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173016.
Roy, M., & Giraldo-García, R. (2018). The role of parental involvement and social/emotional skills in academic achievement: Global perspectives. School Community Journal, 28(2), 29–46. http://www.schoolcommunitynetwork.org/SCJ.aspx.
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. G. (2006). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 571–645). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sandilos, L. E., Neugebauer, S. R., DiPerna, J. C., Hart, S. C., & Lei, P. (2022). Social–emotional learning for whom? Implications of a Universal SEL Program and Teacher Well-being for teachers’ interactions with students. School Mental Health, 15(1), 190 - 201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-022-09543-0.
Santrock, J. W. (2019). Adolescence (17th Ed.). McGraw Hill.
Statti, A., & Torres, K. M. (2020). The Advancement of Technology in schools and universities. Peabody Journal of Education, 95(2), 115–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2020.1745591.
Totan, T. (2018). Development of the social and emotional learning scale in adolescents. Marmara University Atatürk Faculty of Education Journal of Educational Sciences, 48(48), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.393209.
Vahedi, M., & Nikdel, H. (2011). Emotional intelligence, parental involvement and academic achievement. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 331–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.065.
Wang, Y., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Liu, T., & Xin, T. (2019). The effect of social-emotional competency on child development in western China. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1282. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01282.
Weissberg, R. P., & Cascarino, J. (2013). Academic learning + social-emotional learning = national priority. Phi Delta Kappan, 95(2), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/003172171309500203
Welsh, M. E., Miller, F. G., Kooken, J., Chafouleas, S. M., & McCoach, D. B. (2016). The kindergarten transition: Behavioral trajectories in the first formal year of school. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 30(4), 456–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2016.1214935.
Williams, P., Sheridan, S., & Sandberg, A. (2014). Preschool–an arena for children’s learning of social and cognitive knowledge. Early Years, 34(3), 226–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2013.872605.
Zhang, W., He, E., Mao, Y., Pang, S., & Tian, J. (2023). How teacher social-emotional competence affects job burnout: The chain mediation role of teacher-student relationship and well-being. Sustainability, 15(3), 2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032061d.
Funding
No financial support was received during the research process.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
FK and SÖ agreed jointly on setting the objectives of the research, how to collect the data and determine which analysis to apply. FK and SÖ played an active role in completing the study. While FK worked to get the ethics committee approvals and the official permission work for the implementation of the scales, FK conducted the data collection process. Examination of the suitability of the collected data for analysis was carried out by FK. The findings and discussion sections of the research were written by FK and SÖ. The introduction and methodology parts were written by FK and SÖ made proofreading of these parts. This study was produced from the first author’s doctoral thesis.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
All authors declare that this article is an original work that has not been posted or published anywhere else. All authors declare that they have read and approved the article and meet the authorship criteria.
Ethics approval
In this research process, we paid attention to Research and Publication Ethics. In this context, carried out within the scope of the permission obtained based on the decision of the Ethics Committee of Atatürk University Institute of Educational Sciences Unit dated 18/02/2021. Besides, the data collection process was continued only with students who accepted voluntary participation (approved the informed consent form).
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kaşıkcı, F., Öğülmüş, S. Adolescent well being: Relative contributions of social emotional learning and microsystem supports. Soc Psychol Educ (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09852-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09852-5