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Comparison of I-ICME and M-ICME Fittings and In Situ Observation Parameters for Solar Cycles 23 and 24 and Their Influence on Geoeffectiveness

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Abstract

To understand the weaker geomagnetic activity in Solar Cycle 24, we present comparisons of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) fittings and in situ observation parameters in Solar Cycles 23 and 24. According to their in situ features, ICMEs are separated into two categories: isolated ICMEs (I-ICMEs) and multiple ICMEs (M-ICMEs). The number of I-ICMEs in Solar Cycles 23 and 24 does not show a strong difference, while the number of M-ICMEs, which have a high probability of causing intense geomagnetic storms, declines proportionally to the sunspot number in Solar Cycle 24. Despite no obvious variation in their distribution, the geoeffective ICMEs in Solar Cycle 23 have a larger average total magnetic field strength and a larger southern magnetic field than those of Solar Cycle 24. Since the average solar wind velocities of the two solar cycles differ, the geoeffective ICMEs in Solar Cycle 23 have a higher velocity and distinct speed distributions from those in Solar Cycle 24. The total magnetic flux and radius of I-ICMEs in Solar Cycle 23 are larger than those in Solar Cycle 24, while the axial magnetic field intensity is basically the same. We propose that geomagnetic activity in Solar Cycle 24 is lower than that of Solar Cycle 23, due to the smaller M-ICME number, the slower ICME speed, and absence of ICME events with significant southward magnetic field.

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Data Availability

The list of interplanetary coronal mass ejections in Solar Cycles 23 and 24 can be obtained from the website http://space.ustc.edu.cn/dreams/wind_icmes/index.php, interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind data are available from Wind and the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellites (https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp_public/). The sunspot number data of version 2.0 can be downloaded from World Data Center-Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations (WDC-SILSO), Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels (https://wwwbis.sidc.be/silso/datafiles). The simulation of the velocity-modified cylindrically symmetric force-free flux rope model can be obtained from http://space.ustc.edu.cn/dreams/mc_fitting/.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the use of data from the Wind and the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellites and World Data Center-Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations (WDC-SILSO), Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels. We would like to thank the team of Solar-Terrestrial Exploration and Physics (STEP) at the University of Science and Technology of China for providing the ICME list and fitting models. This work is supported by grants from the NSFC (42188101, 42325405, 42130204, 41904151, 42074222) and the Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB41000000).

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the NSFC (42188101, 42325405, 42130204, 41904151, 42074222) and the Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB41000000).

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  1. Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Zhiyong Zhang, Chenglong Shen & Yuming Wang

  2. CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology/CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment/Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Chenglong Shen, Dongwei Mao, Junyan Liu, Mengjiao Xu, Zhihui Zhong, Can Wang & Yuming Wang

  3. Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, Institute of Deep Space Sciences, Hefei, 230026, China

    Yutian Chi

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Z. Z., C. S., and Y. C. wrote the main manuscript text. D. M., J. L., M. X., Z. Z., C. W., and Y. W. contributed to discussions and offered revisions suggestions.

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Zhang, Z., Shen, C., Chi, Y. et al. Comparison of I-ICME and M-ICME Fittings and In Situ Observation Parameters for Solar Cycles 23 and 24 and Their Influence on Geoeffectiveness. Sol Phys 298, 138 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-023-02225-3

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