Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Characteristics of SEP Events and Their Solar Origin During the Evolution of Active Region NOAA 10069

  • Published:
Solar Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We present the results of a comparative analysis of the properties of a series of successive solar flares, which occurred in active region (AR) 10069 in August 2002, and the associated solar energetic particle (SEP) events. The active region was extremely flare productive during its evolution. The solar flare characteristics are based on X-ray and radio emission data: maximum detected photon energies and spectral index, delays between microwave, metric-radio and, hard X-ray emissions. The coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are characterized by their projected speed. The SEP properties are described by the relative electron to proton abundance as well as by the abundance of lower relative to higher energy particles. The analysis carried out supports some previous results obtained by large statistical studies, but at the same time refutes others. For example, the set of analyzed events that occurred in the AR did not show clear evidence of the big flare syndrome though the large proton events observed near Earth were always accompanied by CMEs. Some of the peculiar observations could be the result of the magnetic topology of the AR.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. https://satdat.ngdc.noaa.gov/sem/goes/data/new_avg/2002/08/goes10/csv/ .

  2. https://cdaweb.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html .

  3. We used the SONG data via private communication and with permission of the authors of the experiment on the CORONAS-F satellite as the data are not publicly accessible.

  4. https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/goes_event_listings/ .

  5. https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/CME_list/ .

  6. http://www.wdcb.ru/stp/data/SPE/ .

References

  • Aschwanden, M.J., Caspi, A., Cohen, C.M.S., Holman, G., Jing, J., Kretzschmar, M., Kontar, E.P., McTiernan, J.M., Mewaldt, R.A., O’Flannagain, A., Richardson, I.G., Ryan, D., Warren, H.P., Xu, Y.: 2017, Global energetics of solar flares. V. Energy closure in flares and coronal mass ejections. Astrophys. J. 836, 17. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastian, T.S., Benz, A.O., Gary, D.E.: 1998, Radio emission from solar flares. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 36, 131. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogomolov, A.V., Kashapova, L.K., Myagkova, I.N., Tsap, Y.T.: 2014, Dynamics of the hard X-ray, gamma-ray, and microwave emission of solar flares produced by the active region NOAA 0069 in August 2002. Astron. Rep. 58, 156. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bronarska, K., Michalek, G.: 2017, Characteristics of active regions associated to large solar energetic proton events. Adv. Space Res. 59, 384. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cane, H.V., Erickson, W.C., Prestage, N.P.: 2002, Solar flares, type III radio bursts, coronal mass ejections, and energetic particles. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1315. DOI . ADS .

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cane, H.V., Richardson, I.G., von Rosenvinge, T.T.: 2010, A study of solar energetic particle events of 1997 – 2006: Their composition and associations. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A08101. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Daibog, E.I., Melnikov, V.F., Stolpovskii, V.G.: 1993, Solar energetic particle events from solar flares with weak impulsive phases of microwave emission. Solar Phys. 144, 361. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Daibog, E.I., Stolpovskii, V.G., Melnikov, V.F., Podstrigach, T.S.: 1989, Microwave bursts and relative concentration of electrons and protons in solar flare cosmic rays. Pism’a Astron. ž. 15, 991. ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Desai, M., Giacalone, J.: 2016, Large gradual solar energetic particle events. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 13, 3. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dierckxsens, M., Tziotziou, K., Dalla, S., Patsou, I., Marsh, M.S., Crosby, N.B., Malandraki, O., Tsiropoula, G.: 2015, Relationship between solar energetic particles and properties of flares and CMEs: Statistical analysis of solar cycle 23 events. Solar Phys. 290, 841. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dulk, G.A.: 1985, Radio emission from the Sun and stars. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 169. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, L., Dennis, B.R., Hudson, H.S., Krucker, S., Phillips, K., Veronig, A., Battaglia, M., Bone, L., Caspi, A., Chen, Q., Gallagher, P., Grigis, P.T., Ji, H., Liu, W., Milligan, R.O., Temmer, M.: 2011, An observational overview of solar flares. Space Sci. Rev. 159, 19. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Yashiro, S., Akiyama, S., Mäkelä, P., Xie, H., Kaiser, M.L., Howard, R.A., Bougeret, J.L.: 2008, Coronal mass ejections, type II radio bursts, and solar energetic particle events in the SOHO era. Ann. Geophys. 26, 3033. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, S.W.: 1982, The role of the big flare syndrome in correlations of solar energetic proton fluxes and associated microwave burst parameters. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 3439. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennewell, J.A., Cornelius, D.W.: 1983, Learmonth solar observatory. Ann. UMCS, Sect. AAA Phys. 20, 276. ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kouloumvakos, A., Nindos, A., Valtonen, E., Alissandrakis, C.E., Malandraki, O., Tsitsipis, P., Kontogeorgos, A., Moussas, X., Hillaris, A.: 2015, Properties of solar energetic particle events inferred from their associated radio emission. Astron. Astrophys. 580, A80. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuznetsov, S.N., Bogomolov, A.V., Galkin, V.I., Denisov, Y.I., Podorolsky, A.N., Ryumin, S.P., Kudela, K., Rojko, J.: 2014, Scientific set of instruments “solar cosmic rays”. In: Kuznetsov, V. (ed.) The Coronas-F Space Mission, Astrophys. Space Sci. Lib. 400, 289. DOI . ADS .

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R.P.: 2011, Energy release and particle acceleration in flares: Summary and future prospects. Space Sci. Rev. 159, 421. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R.P., Dennis, B.R., Hurford, G.J., Smith, D.M., Zehnder, A., Harvey, P.R., Curtis, D.W., Pankow, D., Turin, P., Bester, M., Csillaghy, A., Lewis, M., Madden, N., van Beek, H.F., Appleby, M., Raudorf, T., McTiernan, J., Ramaty, R., Schmahl, E., Schwartz, R., Krucker, S., Abiad, R., Quinn, T., Berg, P., Hashii, M., Sterling, R., Jackson, R., Pratt, R., Campbell, R.D., Malone, D., Landis, D., Barrington-Leigh, C.P., Slassi-Sennou, S., Cork, C., Clark, D., Amato, D., Orwig, L., Boyle, R., Banks, I.S., Shirey, K., Tolbert, A.K., Zarro, D., Snow, F., Thomsen, K., Henneck, R., McHedlishvili, A., Ming, P., Fivian, M., Jordan, J., Wanner, R., Crubb, J., Preble, J., Matranga, M., Benz, A., Hudson, H., Canfield, R.C., Holman, G.D., Crannell, C., Kosugi, T., Emslie, A.G., Vilmer, N., Brown, J.C., Johns-Krull, C., Aschwanden, M., Metcalf, T., Conway, A.: 2002, The Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). Solar Phys. 210, 3. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, P.S.: 1990, The classification of sunspot groups. Solar Phys. 125, 251. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Miteva, R., Samwel, S.W., Krupar, V.: 2017, Solar energetic particles and radio burst emission. J. Space Weather Space Clim. 7, A37. DOI . ADS . (15 pp.)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Miteva, R., Klein, K.-L., Malandraki, O., Dorrian, G.: 2013a, Solar energetic particle events in the 23rd solar cycle: Interplanetary magnetic field configuration and statistical relationship with flares and CMEs. Solar Phys. 282, 579. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Miteva, R., Klein, K.-L., Samwel, S.W., Nindos, A., Kouloumvakos, A., Reid, H.: 2013b, Radio signatures of solar energetic particles during the 23rd solar cycle. Cent. Eur. Astrophys. Bull. 37, 541. ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Myagkova, I.N., Kuznetsov, S.N., Kurt, V.G., Yuskov, B.Y., Galkin, V.I., Muravieva, E.A., Kudela, K.: 2007, X-ray, \(\gamma\)-emission and energetic particles in near-Earth space as measured by CORONAS-F satellite: From maximum to minimum of the last solar cycle. Adv. Space Res. 40, 1929. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Flannagain, A.M., Gallagher, P.T., Brown, J.C., Milligan, R.O., Holman, G.D.: 2013, Solar flare X-ray source motion as a response to electron spectral hardening. Astron. Astrophys. 555, A21. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Onsager, T., Grubb, R., Kunches, J., Matheson, L., Speich, D., Zwickl, R.W., Sauer, H.: 1996, Operational uses of the GOES energetic particle detectors. In: Washwell, E.R. (ed.) GOES-8 and Beyond, Proceedings of the SPIE 2812, 281. DOI . ADS .

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Papaioannou, A., Sandberg, I., Anastasiadis, A., Kouloumvakos, A., Georgoulis, M.K., Tziotziou, K., Tsiropoula, G., Jiggens, P., Hilgers, A.: 2016, Solar flares, coronal mass ejections and solar energetic particle event characteristics. J. Space Weather Space Clim. 6(27), A42. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pariat, E., Leake, J.E., Valori, G., Linton, M.G., Zuccarello, F.P., Dalmasse, K.: 2017, Relative magnetic helicity as a diagnostic of solar eruptivity. Astron. Astrophys. 601, A125. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reames, D.V.: 1999, Particle acceleration at the Sun and in the heliosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 90, 413. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reames, D.V.: 2015, What are the sources of solar energetic particles? Element abundances and source plasma temperatures. Space Sci. Rev. 194, 303. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, H.A.S., Ratcliffe, H.: 2014, A review of solar type III radio bursts. Res. Astron. Astrophys. 14, 773. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Salas-Matamoros, C., Klein, K.-L.: 2015, On the statistical relationship between CME speed and soft X-ray flux and fluence of the associated flare. Solar Phys. 290, 1337. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, E.C., Frandsen, A.M., Mewaldt, R.A., Christian, E.R., Margolies, D., Ormes, J.F., Snow, F.: 1998, The advanced composition explorer. Space Sci. Rev. 86, 1. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Thalmann, J.K., Su, Y., Temmer, M., Veronig, A.M.: 2015, The confined X-class flares of solar active region 2192. Astrophys. J. Lett. 801, L23. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Trottet, G., Samwel, S., Klein, K.-L., Dudok de Wit, T., Miteva, R.: 2015, Statistical evidence for contributions of flares and coronal mass ejections to major solar energetic particle events. Solar Phys. 290, 819. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • White, S.M., Benz, A.O., Christe, S., Fárník, F., Kundu, M.R., Mann, G., Ning, Z., Raulin, J.-P., Silva-Válio, A.V.R., Saint-Hilaire, P., Vilmer, N., Warmuth, A.: 2011, The relationship between solar radio and hard X-ray emission. Space Sci. Rev. 159, 225. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H.: 2001, Formation of current helicity and emerging magnetic flux in solar active regions. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 326, 57. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study is supported by the project ‘The origin on solar energetic particles: solar flares vs. coronal mass ejections’, co-funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research with project No. 17-52-18050 and the National Science Fund of Bulgaria under contract No. DNTS/Russia 01/6 (23-Jun-2017). We thank the GOES, ACE, RHESSI and RSTN teams for open access to their data. Authors are thankful to an unknown referee for the detailed reviews and the comments which helped to improve the paper. We thank the team maintaining the CME Catalog at the CDAW Data Center by NASA and the Catholic University of America in cooperation with the Naval Research Laboratory. We are thankful to the SONG team for the data. LKK thanks the budgetary funding of Basic Research program II.16.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, SB Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia

    L. K. Kashapova

  2. Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria

    R. Miteva

  3. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    I. N. Myagkova & A. V. Bogomolov

Authors
  1. L. K. Kashapova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Miteva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. I. N. Myagkova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. V. Bogomolov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. K. Kashapova.

Ethics declarations

Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest

The authors claim that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kashapova, L.K., Miteva, R., Myagkova, I.N. et al. Characteristics of SEP Events and Their Solar Origin During the Evolution of Active Region NOAA 10069. Sol Phys 294, 9 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-019-1400-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-019-1400-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation