Abstract
A method of synoptic map assimilation has been developed to study global rearrangements of open magnetic flux and formation of polar coronal holes (PCHs) in the current cycle. The analysis reveals ensembles of coronal holes (ECHs) that appear within unipolar magnetic regions associated with decaying activity complexes (ACs). The cause-effect relations between them explain the asynchronous PCH formation observed at the northern and southern hemispheres of the Sun. Thus, the decay of large ACs that were observed in 2014 led to formation of an extensive ECH, which then became the southern PCH in mid-2015. The intricate structure of the magnetic fields in the northern polar zone has impeded the formation of the northern PCH, although the dominant polarity at the North Pole reversed two years earlier than at the South Pole. The northern PCH formed only by mid-2016 as the result of a gradual merger of high-latitudinal ECHs associated with several decaying ACs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
06 December 2017
Correction to: Solar Phys DOI 10.1007/s11207-017-1200-6
References
Antiochos, S.K., DeVore, C.R., Karpen, J.T., Mikić, Z.: 2007, Structure and dynamics of the Sun’s open magnetic field. Astrophys. J. 671, 936. DOI . ADS .
Balasubramaniam, K.S., Pevtsov, A.: 2011, Ground-based synoptic instrumentation for solar observations. In: Solar Physics and Space Weather Instrumentation IV, Proc. SPIE 8148, 814809. DOI . ADS .
Baumann, I., Schmitt, D., Schüssler, M., Solanki, S.K.: 2004, Evolution of the large-scale magnetic field on the solar surface: A parameter study. Astron. Astrophys. 426, 1075. DOI . ADS .
Bonnet, N., Cutrona, J., Herbin, M.A.: 2002, A ‘no-threshold’ histogram-based image segmentation method. Pattern Recognit. 35, 2319. DOI .
Caplan, R.M., Downs, C., Linker, J.A.: 2016, Synchronic coronal hole mapping using multi-instrument EUV images: Data preparation and detection method. Astrophys. J. 823, 53. DOI . ADS .
Choudhuri, A.R., Schussler, M., Dikpati, M.: 1995, The solar dynamo with meridional circulation. Astron. Astrophys. 303, L29. ADS .
Davis, J.C.: 1986, Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology.
Delaboudinière, J.-P., Artzner, G.E., Brunaud, J., Gabriel, A.H., Hochedez, J.F., Millier, F., Song, X.Y., Au, B., Dere, K.P., Howard, R.A., Kreplin, R., Michels, D.J., Moses, J.D., Defise, J.M., Jamar, C., Rochus, P., Chauvineau, J.P., Marioge, J.P., Catura, R.C., Lemen, J.R., Shing, L., Stern, R.A., Gurman, J.B., Neupert, W.M., Maucherat, A., Clette, F., Cugnon, P., van Dessel, E.L.: 1995, EIT: Extreme-ultraviolet imaging telescope for the SOHO mission. Solar Phys. 162, 291. DOI . ADS .
DeVore, C.R., Sheeley, N.R. Jr., Boris, J.P., Young, T.R. Jr., Harvey, K.L.: 1985, Simulations of magnetic-flux transport in solar active regions. Solar Phys. 102, 41. DOI . ADS .
Golubeva, E.M., Mordvinov, A.V.: 2016, Decay of activity complexes, formation of unipolar magnetic regions, and coronal holes in their causal relation. Solar Phys. 291, 3605. DOI . ADS .
Harvey, K.L., Recely, F.: 2002, Polar coronal holes during cycles 22 and 23. Solar Phys. 211, 31. DOI . ADS .
Harvey, J.W., Hill, F., Hubbard, R.P., Kennedy, J.R., Leibacher, J.W., Pintar, J.A., Gilman, P.A., Noyes, R.W., Title, A.M., Toomre, J., Ulrich, R.K., Bhatnagar, A., Kennewell, J.A., Marquette, W., Patron, J., Saa, O., Yasukawa, E.: 1996, The global oscillation network group (GONG) project. Science 272, 1284. DOI . ADS .
Harvey, J.W., Branston, D., Henney, C.J., Keller, C.U., SOLIS and GONG Teams: 2007, Seething horizontal magnetic fields in the quiet solar photosphere. Astrophys. J. Lett. 659, L177. DOI . ADS .
Howard, R.F., Harvey, J.W., Forgach, S.: 1990, Solar surface velocity fields determined from small magnetic features. Solar Phys. 130, 295. DOI . ADS .
Jiang, J., Cameron, R.H., Schüssler, M.: 2014, Effects of the scatter in sunspot group tilt angles on the large-scale magnetic field at the solar surface. Astrophys. J. 791, 5. DOI . ADS .
Jiang, J., Hathaway, D.H., Cameron, R.H., Solanki, S.K., Gizon, L., Upton, L.: 2014, Magnetic flux transport at the solar surface. Space Sci. Rev. 186, 491. DOI . ADS .
Jones, H.P., Duvall, T.L. Jr., Harvey, J.W., Mahaffey, C.T., Schwitters, J.D., Simmons, J.E.: 1992, The NASA/NSO spectromagnetograph. Solar Phys. 139, 211. DOI . ADS .
Karak, B.B., Jiang, J., Miesch, M.S., Charbonneau, P., Choudhuri, A.R.: 2014, Flux transport dynamos: From kinematics to dynamics. Space Sci. Rev. 186, 561. DOI . ADS .
Kitchatinov, L.L., Olemskoy, S.V.: 2011, Does the Babcock–Leighton mechanism operate on the Sun? Astron. Lett. 37, 656. DOI . ADS .
Leibacher, J.W.: 1999, The global oscillation network group (GONG) project. Adv. Space Res. 24, 173. DOI . ADS .
Lemen, J.R., Title, A.M., Akin, D.J., Boerner, P.F., Chou, C., Drake, J.F., Duncan, D.W., Edwards, C.G., Friedlaender, F.M., Heyman, G.F., Hurlburt, N.E., Katz, N.L., Kushner, G.D., Levay, M., Lindgren, R.W., Mathur, D.P., McFeaters, E.L., Mitchell, S., Rehse, R.A., Schrijver, C.J., Springer, L.A., Stern, R.A., Tarbell, T.D., Wuelser, J.-P., Wolfson, C.J., Yanari, C., Bookbinder, J.A., Cheimets, P.N., Caldwell, D., Deluca, E.E., Gates, R., Golub, L., Park, S., Podgorski, W.A., Bush, R.I., Scherrer, P.H., Gummin, M.A., Smith, P., Auker, G., Jerram, P., Pool, P., Soufli, R., Windt, D.L., Beardsley, S., Clapp, M., Lang, J., Waltham, N.: 2012, The atmospheric imaging assembly (AIA) on the solar dynamics observatory (SDO). Solar Phys. 275, 17. DOI . ADS .
Lowder, C., Qiu, J., Leamon, R.: 2017, Coronal holes and open magnetic flux over cycles 23 and 24. Solar Phys. 292, 18. DOI . ADS .
Mackay, D.H., Lockwood, M.: 2002, The evolution of the Sun’s open magnetic flux, II: Full solar cycle simulations. Solar Phys. 209, 287. DOI . ADS .
Mordvinov, A.V., Grigoryev, V.M., Erofeev, D.V.: 2015, Evolution of sunspot activity and inversion of the Sun’s polar magnetic field in the current cycle. Adv. Space Res. 55, 2739. DOI . ADS .
Mordvinov, A.V., Yazev, S.A.: 2014, Reversals of the Sun’s polar magnetic fields in relation to activity complexes and coronal holes. Solar Phys. 289, 1971. DOI . ADS .
Mordvinov, A., Pevtsov, A., Bertello, L., Petri, G.: 2016, The reversal of the Sun’s magnetic field in cycle 24. J. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2(1), 3. DOI . ADS .
Petrie, G.J.D.: 2015, Solar magnetism in the polar regions. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 12, 5. DOI . ADS .
Petrie, G.J.D., Haislmaier, K.J.: 2013, Low-latitude coronal holes, decaying active regions, and global coronal magnetic structure. Astrophys. J. 775, 100. DOI . ADS .
Reiss, M.A., Hofmeister, S.J., De Visscher, R., Temmer, M., Veronig, A.M., Delouille, V., Mampaey, B., Ahammer, H.: 2015, Improvements on coronal hole detection in SDO/AIA images using supervised classification. J. Space Weather Space Clim. 5(27), A23. DOI . ADS .
Schrijver, C.J., De Rosa, M.L.: 2003, Photospheric and heliospheric magnetic fields. Solar Phys. 212, 165. DOI . ADS .
Sheeley, N.R. Jr., DeVore, C.R., Boris, J.P.: 1985, Simulations of the mean solar magnetic field during sunspot cycle 21. Solar Phys. 98, 219. DOI . ADS .
Sheeley, N.R. Jr., Nash, A.G., Wang, Y.-M.: 1987, The origin of rigidly rotating magnetic field patterns on the sun. Astrophys. J. 319, 481. DOI . ADS .
Sheeley, N.R. Jr., Wang, Y.-M.: 2015, The recent rejuvenation of the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field: A clue for understanding past and future sunspot cycles. Astrophys. J. 809, 113. DOI . ADS .
Sun, X., Hoeksema, J.T., Liu, Y., Zhao, J.: 2015, On polar magnetic field reversal and surface flux transport during solar cycle 24. Astrophys. J. 798, 114. DOI . ADS .
Timothy, A.F., Krieger, A.S., Vaiana, G.S.: 1975, The structure and evolution of coronal holes. Solar Phys. 42, 135. DOI . ADS .
Tsuneta, S., Ichimoto, K., Katsukawa, Y., Lites, B.W., Matsuzaki, K., Nagata, S., Orozco Suárez, D., Shimizu, T., Shimojo, M., Shine, R.A., Suematsu, Y., Suzuki, T.K., Tarbell, T.D., Title, A.M.: 2008, The magnetic landscape of the Sun’s polar region. Astrophys. J. 688, 1374. DOI . ADS .
Wang, Y.M.: 2009, Coronal holes and open magnetic flux. Space Sci. Rev. 144, 383. DOI .
Wang, Y.-M., Nash, A.G., Sheeley, N.R. Jr.: 1989, Magnetic flux transport on the sun. Science 245, 712. DOI . ADS .
Wang, Y.-M., Sheeley, N.R. Jr.: 1990, Solar wind speed and coronal flux-tube expansion. Astrophys. J. 355, 726. DOI . ADS .
Wang, Y.-M., Sheeley, N.R. Jr.: 2004, Footpoint switching and the evolution of coronal holes. Astrophys. J. 612, 1196. DOI . ADS .
Yeates, A.R., Baker, D., van Driel-Gesztelyi, L.: 2015, Source of a prominent poleward surge during solar cycle 24. Solar Phys. 290, 3189. DOI . ADS .
Acknowledgements
NSO/Kitt Peak data used here are produced cooperatively by NSF/NOAO, NASA/GSFC, and NOAA/SEL. The NSO/KPVT coronal hole data used here were compiled by K. Harvey and F. Recently using observations under a grant from the NSF. This work uses SOLIS data obtained by the NSO Integrated Synoptic Program (NISP), managed by the NSO, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), Inc. under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. This work uses data obtained by the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) program, managed by the NSO. The data were acquired by instruments operated by the Big Bear Solar Observatory, the High Altitude Observatory, the Learmonth Solar Observatory, the Udaipur Solar Observatory, the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, and the Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory. The authors also employed synoptic maps of the solar EUV emission prepared by the SOHO/EIT science team and NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams. The authors are grateful to Svetlana Philippova for assistance in preparation of the English version and to the referee for the useful comments.
This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 17-02-00016) and by the SB RAS Program II.16.3.1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1219-8.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Golubeva, E.M., Mordvinov, A.V. Rearrangements of Open Magnetic Flux and Formation of Polar Coronal Holes in Cycle 24. Sol Phys 292, 175 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1200-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1200-6