Abstract
This study investigates review time and insider bias in 56,920 papers published by 258 Social Sciences journals. Results show that average review duration in Social Sciences is 134 days. Education (177 days) and Business & Economics (151 days) journals have the longest, Theology (85 days) and Law (87 days) journals have the shortest review time. Insider bias, Web of Science and Scopus (WOSS) coverage, and number of papers published (PUBSCORE) are the three most important factors affecting review time. Insider bias leads to a 18% decrease, while WOSS coverage and PUBSCORE lead to up to 28% increase in review time after controlling for other variables. Overall, 15,804 (27.8%) of all papers are published by insiders, providing them a 43-day (29.7%) speed advantage over outsiders. However, insider ratio can climb up to 73% and insider speed advantage can be as large as 71% for individual journals. The bias is the strongest in Law (35.6%), Theology (34.1%), and General Social Sciences (32.9%) journals, and the weakest in Communication (15.6%) and Education (20%) journals. Research universities dominate academic publishing space through ownership of 128 journals, however, they tend to publish a greater number of insider papers. Full professors are the largest benefiters as their insider ratio goes up to 48.3% in disciplines such as Theology and Law, while assistant professors are the smallest benefiters, consistent with the entrenchment hypothesis. We note that insider bias remains strong as a robust insider base of around 2200 papers continues to be published annually. Review time and insider statistics for journals are provided, contributing to transparency and accountability in academia.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data is collected from public sources and will be provided to the journal and reviewers upon request.
Code availability
Not applicable. The analysis is performed in Stata software.
Notes
I thank an anonymous reviewer for pointing this out.
Dergipark began to disclose acceptance rate statistics in February 2023. 219 of the journals in this study manage peer review over the Dergipark system and their average acceptance rate is 54%, with a minimum of 12% and a maximum of 91%. Our study covers the period between 2014 and 2021, and authors submitting to these journals did not know acceptance rates.
References
Akca, S., & Akbulut, M. (2018). Predatory journals in Turkey: an investigation through Beall’s list. Bilgi Dünyasi, 19(2), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.15612/BD.2018.695
Akçiğit, U., & Özcan-Tok, E. (2020). Türkiye Bilim Raporu (Türkiye Science Report). Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, TÜBA Raporları No:43. https://www.tuba.gov.tr/tr/yayinlar/suresiz-yayinlar/raporlar/turkiye-bilim-raporu-1
Altbach, P. G., Yudkevich, M., & Rumbley, L. E. (2015). Academic inbreeding: Local challenge, global problem. Acia Pacific Education Review, 16, 317–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-015-9391-8
Amat, C. B. (2008). Editorial and publication delay of papers submitted to 14 selected Food Research journals. Influence of Online Posting. Scientometrics, 74, 379–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-1823-8
Andersen, L. B., & Pallesen, T. (2008). “Not just for the money?” How financial incentives affect the number of publications at Danish research institutions. International Public Management Journal, 11(1), 28–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887889
Björk, B., & Solomon, D. (2013). The publishing delay in scholarly peer-reviewed journals. Journal of Informetrics, 7(4), 914–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.09.001
Blanco-Perez, C., & Brodeur, A. (2020). Publication bias and editorial statement on negative findings. The Economic Journal, 130(629), 1226–1247. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa011
Carroll, J. R. (2001). Review times in statistical journals: Tilting at windmills? Biometrics, 57(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2001.00001.x
Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M. (2011). Understanding current causes of women’s underrepresentation in science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(8), 3157–3162. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014871108
Chang, X., & Zhang, H. F. (2015). Managerial entrenchment and firm value: A dynamic perspective. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 50(5), 1083–1103. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109015000423
Cruz-Castro, L., & Sanz-Menendez, L. (2010). Mobility versus job stability: Assessing tenure and productivity outcomes. Research Policy, 39, 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2009.11.008
Demir, S. B. (2018). Pros and cons of the new financial support policy for Turkish researchers. Scientometrics, 116, 2053–2068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2833-4
Dong, P., Loh, M., & Mondry, A. (2006). Publication lag in biomedical journals varies due to periodical’s publishing model. Scientometrics, 69(2), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-0148-3
Ellison, G. (2002). The slowdown of the economics publishing process. Journal of Political Economy, 110(5), 947–993. https://doi.org/10.1086/341868
Ernst, E., & Kienbacher, T. (1991). Chauvinism. Nature, 352(6336), 560. https://doi.org/10.1038/352560b0
Faleye, O. (2007). Classified boards, firm value, and managerial entrenchment. Journal of Financial Economics, 83(2), 501–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.01.005
Florackis, C., & Ozkan, A. (2009). The impact of managerial entrenchment on agency costs: An empirical investigation using UK panel data. European Financial Management, 15(3), 497–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-036X.2007.00418.x
Franco, A., Malhotra, N., & Simonovits, G. (2014). Publication bias in the social sciences: Unlocking the file drawer. Science, 345(6203), 1502–1505. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255484
Franzoni, C., Scellato, G., & Stephan, P. (2011). Changing incentives to publish. Science, 33(6043), 702–703. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197286
Godechot, O., & Louvet, A. (2008). Academic inbreeding: An evaluation. https://booksandideas.net/Academic-Inbreeding-An-Evaluation.html
Hadavand, A., Hamermesh, D. S., & Wilson, W. W. (2022). Publishing economics: How slow? Why slow? Is slow productive? How to fix slow? Journal of Political Economy, forthcoming.
Hermanowicz, J. C. (2013). The culture of mediocrity. Minerva, 51, 363–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-013-9231-0
Horta, H. (2022). Academic inbreeding: Academic oligarchy, effects, and barriers to change. Minerva, 60, 593–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-022-09469-6
Horta, H., Meoli, M., & Santos, J. M. (2022). Academic inbreeding and choice of strategic research approaches. Higher Education Quarterly, 76(1), 76–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12328
Horta, H., Sato, M., & Yonezawa, A. (2011). Academic inbreeding: Exploring its characteristics and rationale in Japanese universities using a qualitative perspective. Asia Pacific Education Review, 12, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-010-9126-9
Horta, H., & Yudkevich, M. (2016). The role of academic inbreeding in developing higher education systems: Challenges and possible solutions. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 113(Part B), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.06.039
Huisman, J., & Smits, J. (2017). Duration and quality of the peer review process: the author’s perspective. Scientometrics, 113, 633–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2310-5
Karadag, E. (2021). Academic (dis)qualification of Turkish rectors: Their career paths, H-index, and the number of articles and citations. Higher Education, 81, 301–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00542-1
Karadag, E., & Ciftci, S. K. (2022). Deepening the effects of the academic inbreeding: Its impact on individual and institutional research productivity. Research in Higher Education, 63, 1015–1036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-021-09670-8
Kareiva, P., Marvier, M., West, S., & Hornisher, J. (2002). Slow-moving journals hinder conservation efforts. Nature, 420, 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/420015a
Laband, D. N., & Piette, M. J. (1994). Favoritism versus search for good papers: Empirical evidence regarding the behavior of journal editors. Journal of Political Economy, 102(1), 194–203. https://doi.org/10.1086/261927
Lee, C. J., Sugimoto, C. R., Zhang, G., & Cronin, B. (2013). Bias in peer review. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(1), 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22784
Lutmar, C., & Reingewertz, Y. (2021). Academic in-group bias in the top five economics journals. Scientometrics, 126, 9543–9556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-04174-9
Luwel, M., & Moed, H. F. (1998). Publication delays in the science field and their relationship to the ageing of scientific literature. Scientometrics, 41(1–2), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02457964
Macfarlane, B., & Jefferson, A. E. (2022). The closed academy? Guild power and academic social class. Higher Education Quarterly, 76(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12305
Manchikanti, L., Kaye, A. D., Boswell, M., & Hirsch, J. A. (2015). Medical journal peer review: Process and bias. Pain Physician, 18(1), E1–E14.
Medoff, M. H. (2003). Editorial favoritism in Economics? Southern Economic Journal, 70(2), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.2307/3648979
Mrowinski, M. J., Fronczak, A., Fronczak, P., Nedic, O., & Dekanski, A. (2020). The hurdles of academic publishing from the perspective of journal editors: A case study. Scientometrics, 125(1), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03619-x
Navarro, A., & Rivero, A. (2001). How inbreeding affects productivity in Europe. Nature, 411, 132. https://doi.org/10.1038/35075637
Nguyen, V. M., Haddaway, N. R., Gutowsky, L. F., Wilson, A. D., Gallagher, A. J., Donaldson, M. R., Hammerschlag, N., & Cooke, S. J. (2015). How long is too long in contemporary peer review? Perspectives from authors publishing in conservation biology journals. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132557
Önder, C., & Erdil, S. E. (2015). Aynı kurumsal beklentilere tabi aktörlerin farklılaşan davranışları: Öğretim üyelerinin bilimsel yayın üretkenliklerinin üniversite, bölüm ve birey düzeyindeki yordayıcıları. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 42, 481–519.
Peters, D. P., & Ceci, S. J. (1982). Peer-review practices of psychological journals: The fate of published articles, submitted again. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5(2), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00011183
Quan, W., Chen, B., & Shu, F. (2017). Publish or impoverish: An investigation of the monetary reward system of science in China (1999–2016). Aslib Journal of Information Management, 69(5), 486–502. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-01-2017-0014
Sarigöl, E., Garcia, D., Scholtes, I., & Schweitzer, F. (2017). Quantifying the effect of editor-author relations on manuscript handling times. Scientometrics, 113(1), 609–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2309-y
Seeber, M. (2022). Efficacy, efficiency, and models of journal peer review: the known and unknown in the social sciences. Handbook of research assessment in the social sciences. Edward Elgar, eds. Engels, T., Kulcyzcki, E., 67–82.
Seeber, M., & Bacchelli, A. (2017). Does single blind peer review hinder newcomers? Scientometrics, 113(1), 567–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2264-7
Seeber, M., & Mampaey, J. (2022). How do university systems’ features affect academic inbreeding? Career rules and language requirements in France, Germany. Italy and Spain. Higher Education Quarterly, 76(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12302
Smith, R. (2006). Peer review: a flawed process at the heart of science and journals. Journal of the Royal Society and Medicine, 99(4), 178–182.
Solomon, D. J., & Björk, B. (2012). Publication fees in open access publishing: Sources of funding and factors influencing choice of journal. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(1), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21660
Squazzoni, F., Bravo, G., Farjam, M., Marusic, A., Mehmani, B., Willis, M., Birukou, A., Dondio, P., & Grimaldo, F. (2021). Peer review and gender bias: A study on 145 scholarly journals. Science Advances. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0299
Surroca, J., & Tribo, J. A. (2008). Managerial entrenchment and corporate social performance. Journal of Business, Finance & Accounting, 35(5), 748–789. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.2008.02090.x
Teplitskiy, M., Acuna, D., Elamrani-Raoult, A., Körding, K., & Evans, J. (2018). The sociology of scientific validity: How professional networks shape judgement in peer review. Research Policy, 47(9), 1825–1841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.06.014
Tivina, A., Spellecy, R., & Palatnik, A. (2019). Bias in the peer review process: Can we do better? Obstetrics and Gynecology, 133(6), 1081–1083. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003260
Tonta, Y., & Akbulut, M. (2020). Does monetary support increase citation impact of scholarly papers? Scientometrics, 125, 1617–1641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03688-y
Toroser, D., Carlson, J., Robinson, M., et al. (2017). Factors impacting time to acceptance and publication for peer-reviewed publications. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 33(7), 1183–1189. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2016.1271778
Trivedi, P. K. (1993). An analysis of publication lags in econometrics. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 8, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.3950080108
Tutuncu, L. (2023). Inside connection in editorial board publications. Working Paper.
Tutuncu, L., Yucedogru, R., & Sarisoy, I. (2022). Academic favoritism at work: Insider bias in Turkish national journals. Scientometrics, 127, 2547–2576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04355-0
Vale, R. D. (2015). Accelerating scientific publication in biology. PNAS, 112(44), 13439–13446. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511912112
Van Lent, M., Overbeke, J., & Out, H. J. (2014). Role of editorial and peer review processes in publication bias: Analysis of drug trials submitted to eight medical journals. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e104846. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104846
Wang, W., Kong, X., Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Xia, F., & Wang, X. (2016). Editorial behaviors in peer review. Springerplus, 5(1), 903. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2601-y
Ware, M. (2011). Peer review: Recent experience and future directions. New Review of Information Networking, 16(1), 23–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614576.2011.566812
Watson, A. (2006). The Shame of American Legal Education. Vanderplas Publishing.
Wenneras, C., & Wold, A. (1997). Nepotism and sexism in peer review. Nature, 387, 341–343. https://doi.org/10.1038/387341a0
Xu, S., An, M., & An, X. (2021). Do scientific publications by editorial board members have shorter publication delays and then higher influence? Scientometrics, 126, 6697–6713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-04067-x
Yegros, A. Y., & Amat, C. B. (2009). Editorial delay of food research papers is influenced by authors’ experience but not by country of origin of the manuscripts. Scientometrics, 81(2), 367–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-2164-y
Yohe, G. W. (1980). Current publication lags in economics journals. Journal of Economic Literature, 18(3), 1050–1055.
YÖK (Higher Education Council) (2022). YÖK’te “üniversite dergileri: sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri çalıştayı” düzenlendi. (Workshop for university journals, problems and solution proposals is held at YÖK). https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2022/universite-dergileri-sorunlar-ve-cozum-onerileri-calistayi-duzenlendi.aspx
Yoon, A. H. (2013). Editorial bias in legal academia. Journal of Legal Analysis, 5(2), 309–338. https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/lat005
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All work is carried out by Lokman Tutuncu.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Research involving human or animal participants
Not applicable as the research does not involve human or animal subjects.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Tutuncu, L. All-pervading insider bias alters review time in Turkish university journals. Scientometrics 128, 3743–3791 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04724-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04724-3