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Synthesis and characterization of Cu-modified ox-g-C3N4 nanosheets as an electrode for green synthesis of phenyl Benzofuran derivatives via C–H functionalization to C–O and C–C bond formation with an electrochemical oxidation system

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Abstract

In this study, our primary objective was to synthesize and characterize a copper nanoparticle-modified oxidized graphite carbon nitride (ox-g-C3N4). This modified ox-g-C3N4 material was utilized as a reusable catalyst for the environmentally friendly production of benzofuran 4(a-j) derivatives through C–H activation using an electrochemical oxidation system. The desired derivatives were obtained by reacting 2-bromophenol 1(a-c) with ethynylbenzene 2(a-g) yielding high yields ranging from 89 to 94%. The modified Cu/ox-g-C3N4 nanocomposite was thoroughly examined. using different analytical techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), IR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The comprehensive identification was conducted in a comparative manner, allowing for a thorough understanding of the nanocomposite's properties. By employing this nanocatalyst, we implement a greener synthesis approach that reduces the need for dangerous and toxic substances, while reducing waste generation by promoting reuse. The synthesized products in this research were subjected to characterization utilizing techniques such as melting point analysis, CHN analysis and 1HNMR spectroscopy. These analytical methods were utilized to confirm the identification and assess the purity of the benzofuran compounds synthesized 4(a-j).

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project (RSPD2024R758), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, University of Alkafeel, Najaf, Iraq

    Zaman Abdalhussein Ibadi Alaridhee

  2. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Al-Amarah University College, Maysan, Iraq

    Dheyaa J. Jasim

  3. Department of Medical Chemistry, Samarkand State Medical University, Amir Temur Street 18, Samarkand, Uzbekistan

    Ikromjon Mamadoliyev

  4. Department of Pharmacy, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq

    Moayad Jasim Mohammed

  5. College of Dentistry, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq

    Abdul-Jabbar A. Ali

  6. Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq

    Ayat H. Athab

  7. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Salim S. Al-Rejaie & Mohamed Mohany

  8. Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

    Majid Jabir

  9. Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

    Hasan Majdi

  10. Al-Zahraa Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research Sciences (ZCMRS), Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, 56001, Iraq

    Nadhir N. A. Jafar

  11. Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, India

    Durgesh Singh

  12. Department of Chemistry, Deen Dayal Upadhyay, Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, India

    Kamini Singh

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  1. Zaman Abdalhussein Ibadi Alaridhee
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Contributions

A.B. and C.D. E. F. wrote the main manuscript text and G.H. I prepared figures 1-3, J.K. L. M prepared tables. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Durgesh Singh.

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Alaridhee, Z.A.I., Jasim, D.J., Mamadoliyev, I. et al. Synthesis and characterization of Cu-modified ox-g-C3N4 nanosheets as an electrode for green synthesis of phenyl Benzofuran derivatives via C–H functionalization to C–O and C–C bond formation with an electrochemical oxidation system. Res Chem Intermed (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-024-05295-5

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