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Synthesis of microcrystalline indium (III)-MOF and adsorptive and selective removal of dyes

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Abstract

Dye pollution is a significant environmental catastrophe, and it has so far proven to be challenging to purify dye-contaminated water effectively. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have potential of removing dyes from wastewater but effectively addressing the simultaneous removal of multiple dyes remains a challenging task. In-MOF, synthesized in the round-bottom flask, sealed glass tubes, and under microwave conditions, exhibits excellent adsorption for cationic dyes. The identification and characterization of In-MOF were accomplished using several analytical techniques, including Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, Thermogravimetric analysis, Scanning electron microscope, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Elemental analysis, and Density functional theory for structure elucidation. In-MOF exhibits outstanding dye removal efficiency for Methylene Blue (MB: 98%; 18.6 mg/g), Azure A (AZA: 99%; 22.4 mg/g), Azure B (AZB: 98%; 17.2 mg/g), Toluidine Blue O (TOLO: 99%; 20.6 mg/g), Rhodamine B (RHB: 82%; 8.8 mg/g), and Congo red (CR: 93%; 14.2 mg/g) individually. Moreover, In-MOF demonstrates remarkable selectivity towards MB removal even in the presence of RHB. The kinetics of adsorption and reusability tests for MB indicate consistent removal capacity for the initial three cycles, but a significant decline of up to 52% is observed by the sixth cycle. These findings establish In-MOF as a promising candidate for industrial applications due to its high removal efficiency and practical synthetic approach.

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Funding

R. J. thanks SERB (project no. SRG/2021/000020) and Gujarat Council on Science & Technology (project no. GUJCOST/STI/2021-22/3877) for providing financial support and S. K. thanks the Director, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat (Gujarat), for providing SEED GRANT for the research. K. M. is thankful to the SVNIT Surat for providing a fellowship for his research work.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichchanath, Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India

    Ketan Maru, Arup K. Ghosh & Ritambhara Jangir

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichchanath, Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India

    Sarita Kalla

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  1. Ketan Maru
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K.M. has done all the experimental studies and designed the entire draft, A.K.G. performed the computational studies, S.K. and R.J. mentored the entire work and given approval for the final version of the manuscript.

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Maru, K., Kalla, S., Ghosh, A.K. et al. Synthesis of microcrystalline indium (III)-MOF and adsorptive and selective removal of dyes. Res Chem Intermed 50, 147–174 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-023-05161-w

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