Skip to main content
Log in

Effect of organic gelator template and preparation method on the structure and morphology of nanosized polymorphic titanium oxide using the sol–gel process

  • Published:
Research on Chemical Intermediates Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The TiO2 nanoparticles of 25–30 nm or polymorphic TiO2 nanorods (anatase or rutile) with a diameter of 65–75 nm and a length of several micrometers were synthesized by the modified sol–gel template process. The obtained nanoparticles were uniform as suggested by the scanning and transmission electron microscopic (SEM and TEM) images; similarly, TiO2 nanorods obtained were of single anatase or of rutile phase after calcination at lower and higher temperatures, respectively, as characterized by X-ray diffraction.

Index Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. G. Pfaff, P. Reynders, Chem. Rev. 99, 1963 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Salvador, M.C. Pascual-Marti, J.R. Adell, A. Requeni, J.G. March, J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. 22, 301 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. R. Zallen, M.P. Moret, Solid State Commun. 137, 154 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J.H. Braun, A. Baidins, R.E. Marganski, Prog. Org. Coat. 20, 105 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. S. Yuan, W. Chen, S. Hu, Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Mater. 25, 479 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. A. Fujishima, K. Honda, Nature 238, 37 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. A. Fujishima, T.N. Rao, D.A. Tryk, J. Photoch, C. Photobio, Photochem. Rev. 1, 1 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. D.A. Tryk, A. Fujishima, K. Honda, Electrochim. Acta 45, 2363 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. M. Gra¨tzel, Nature 414, 338 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. M. Gra¨tzel, MRS Bull. 30, 23 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, Chem. Rev. 95, 49 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. A.L. Linsebigler, G. Lu, J.T. Yates, Jr., Chem. Rev. 95, 735 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Wold, Chem. Mater. 5, 280 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Mills, S. Le Hunte, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 108, 1 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. M.R. Hoffmann, S.T. Martin, W. Choi, D.W. Bahnemann, Chem. Rev. 95, 69 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. M.C. Carotta, A. Giberti, V. Guidi, C. Malagu, B. Vendemiati, G. Martinelli, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 828, 173–184 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. S. Akbar, S. Yoo, Chem. Sens. 20, 30 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. R. Wang, K. Hashimoto, A. Fujishima, M. Chikuni, E. Kojima, A. Kitamura, M. Shimohigoshi, T. Watanabe, Nature 388, 431 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. C. Klemm, S. Otto, C. Wolf, R.F. Haseloff, M. Beyermann, E. Krause, J. Mass Spectrom. 41, 1623 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Y.V. Kolen’ko, K.A. Kovnir, A.I. Gavrilov, A.V. Garshev, J. Frantti, O.I. Lebedev, B.R. Churagulov, G. VanTendeloo, M. Yoshimura, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 4030 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. X. Feng, J. Zhai, L. Jiang, Angew. Chem. 117, 5245 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. M.N. Tahir, P. Theato, P. Oberle, G. Melnyk, S. Faiss, U. Kolb, A. Janshoff, M. Stepputat, W. Tremel, Langmuir 22, 5209 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. D. Li, Y. Xia, Nano Lett. 3, 555 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. I.D. Kim, A. Rothschild, B.H. Lee, D.Y. Kim, S.M. Jo, H.L. Tuller, Nano Lett. 6, 2009 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. G.K. Mor, K. Shankar, M. Paulose, O.K. Varghese, C.A. Grimes, Nano Lett. 6, 215 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Z. Miao, D. Xu, J. Ouyang, G. Guo, X. Zhao, Y. Tang, Nano Lett. 2, 717 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. C. Xiong, K.J. Balkus, Chem. Mater. 17, 5136 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. C.C. Weng, K.F. Hsu, K.H. Wei, Chem. Mater. 16, 4080 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J.J. Wu, C.C. Yu, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 3377 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Y. Bessekhouad, D. Robert, J.V. Weber, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 157, 47 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. K.D. Kim, H.T. Kim, Powder Technol. 119, 164 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. K.D. Kim, H.T. Kim, Colloid Surface A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 207, 263 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. J.H. Lee, Y.S. Yang, Mater. Chem. Phys. 93, 237 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J.H. Lee, Y.S. Yang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 25, 3573 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. A. Pottier, C. Chaneac, E. Tronc, L. Mazerolles, J.P. Jolivet, J. Mater. Chem. 11, 1116 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. A. Pottier, S. Cassaignon, C. Chaneac, F. Villain, E. Tronc, J.P. Jolivet, J. Mater. Chem. 13, 877 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. T. Sugimoto, X. Zhou, A. Muramatsu, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 252, 339 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. T. Sugimoto, X. Zhou, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 252, 347 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. H. Zhang, J.F. Banfield, J. Mater. Chem. 8, 2073 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. H. Zhang, J.F. Banfield, J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 3481 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. H. Zhang, M. Finnegan, J.F. Banfield, Nano Lett. 1, 81 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. E.A. Barringer, H.K. Bowen, Langmuir 1, 420 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. J.L. Look, C.F. Zukoski, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 75, 1587 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. J.L. Look, C.F. Zukoski, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 78, 21 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. D. Vorkapic, T. Matsoukas, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81, 2815 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. D. Vorkapic, T. Matsoukas, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 214, 283 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. X. Chen, S.S. Mao, Chem. Rev. 107, 2891 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. A. Chemseddine, T. Moritz, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 235 (1999)

  49. T. Moritz, J. Reiss, K. Diesner, D. Su, A. Chemseddine, J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 8052 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. T. Sugimoto, X. Zhou, A. Muramatsu, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 259, 43 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. T. Sugimoto, X. Zhou, A. Muramatsu, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 259, 53 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. W. Li, C. Ni, H. Lin, C.P. Huang, S.I. Shah, J. Appl. Phys. 96, 6663 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Y. Li, T.J. White, S.H. Lim, J. Solid State Chem. 177, 1372 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. N. Uekawa, J. Kajiwara, K. Kakegawa, Y. Sasaki, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 250, 285 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. L. Miao, S. Tanemura, S. Toh, K. Kaneko, M.J. Tanemura, Cryst. Growth 264, 246 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. J.H. Jung, T. Shimizu, S.J. Shinkai, Mater. Chem. 15, 3979 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Y. Lin, G.S. Wu, X.Y. Yuan, T. Xie, L.D. Zhang, J. Phys.-Condens. Matter 15, 2917 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Y. Chen, J.C. Crittenden, S. Hackney, L. Sutter, D.W. Hand, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 1201 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. S. Lee, C. Jeon, Y. Park, Chem. Mater. 16, 4292 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. S. Kobayashi, K. Hanabusa, M. Suzuki, M. Kimura, H. Shirai, Chem. Lett. 10, 1077 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. L. Miao, S. Tanemura, S. Toh, K. Kaneko, M. Tanemura, Appl. Surf. Sci. 238, 175 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. R. Sui, A.S. Rizkalla, P.A. Charpentier, Langmuir 21, 6150 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. R. Sui, A.S. Rizkalla, P.A. Charpentier, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 16212 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Q. Wei, K. Hirota, K. Tajima, K. Hashimoto, Chem. Mater. 18, 5080 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Y. Wu, H.M. Liu, B.Q. Xu, Z.L. Zhang, D.S. Su, Inorg. Chem. 46, 5093 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. A.A. Gribb, J.F. Banfield, Am. Mineral. 82, 717 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. X. Ye, J. Sha, Z. Jiao, L. Zhang, Nanostruct. Mater. 8, 919 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. H. Kominami, M. Kohno, Y. Kera, J. Mater. Chem. 10, 1151 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. M.R. Ranade, A. Navrotsky, H.Z. Zhang, J.F. Banfield, S.H. Elder, A. Zaban, P.H. Borse, S.K. Kulkarni, G.S. Doran, H.J. Whitfield, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99, 6476 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Y. Hwu, Y.D. Yao, N.F. Cheng, C.Y. Tung, H.M. Lin, Nanostruct. Mater. 9, 355 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the fund from Korea Basic Science Institute (Grant No. K3108A) for Dr. J. S. Jin and Dr. J. P. Kim.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Euh Duck Jeong, Jong-Pil Kim, Myung Ho Hyun, F. Nawaz Khan or Jong Sung Jin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kim, T.K., Jeong, E.D., Lee, M.S. et al. Effect of organic gelator template and preparation method on the structure and morphology of nanosized polymorphic titanium oxide using the sol–gel process. Res Chem Intermed 38, 685–692 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-011-0408-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-011-0408-6

Keywords

Navigation