Abstract
To help rebuild wild fisheries while increasing seafood production, China has made a substantial effort over the past 40 years to support the development of sea ranching. However, the efficacy of this strategy remains largely uncertain, and there are still intense debates on its future growth and optimization. In this paper, we review the definition and concept of sea ranching in China and trace the history of Chinese policies, measures, and investments concerning sea ranching development from 1979 to 2020. We present the current status of sea ranching in China according to its major enhancement activities, geographic distribution, and management mode, each of which shows striking "south-north differences". In addition, combined with a systematic review of 150 articles, we first performed a nationwide evaluation of sea ranching performance in China. Results showed higher abundance, biomass, and/or species richness of marine organisms in artificial reef areas than adjacent sites, but this was not true for taxa such as non-economic benthos and phytoplankton. Additionally, mean recapture rates of the four species groups varied from 1.55 to 10.15%, with the highest recapture rate for crabs (mean ± SD = 10.15% ± 5.35%). We also found statistically significant correlations between the effect size of artificial reefs on the abundance of economically important fish and non-economic benthos and management mode. The effect size of artificial reefs on non-economic benthos biomass was significantly influenced by the reef area and density. Based on these findings, we concluded that there are three major challenges to the development of sea ranching in China, namely, habitat bottlenecks, recruitment bottlenecks, and management bottlenecks. In response to these challenges, we proposed specific recommendations focusing on funding allocation, utilization of habitat-based enhancement tools, hatchery releases, data sharing, and regional cooperative management.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Dingxi Safari Fang from Stanford University and Xu Zeng from Shanghai Jiao Tong University for their assistance with manuscript preparation. We thank anonymous staff members of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs for their invaluable assistance in the initial data collection. We would also like to acknowledge the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 42142018), the East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration (Grant No: MEMRT202112), and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation for their financial support.
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Financial support was provided by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 42142018), the Oceanic Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SL2021PT101), the East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration (Grant No: MEMRT202112), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Polar Science (SCOPS), and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.
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Liu, S., Zhou, X., Zeng, C. et al. Characterizing the development of Sea ranching in China. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 32, 783–803 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-022-09709-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-022-09709-8