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Juvenile salmon in estuaries: comparisons between North American Atlantic and Pacific salmon populations

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Abstract

All anadromous fishes, including juvenile salmon, encounter estuarine habitats as they transition from riverine to marine environments. We compare the estuarine use between juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Penobscot River estuary and Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the Columbia River estuary. Both estuaries have been degraded by anthropogenic activities. Atlantic and Pacific salmon populations in both basins rely heavily on hatchery inputs for persistence. Pacific salmon, as a group, represent a continuum of estuarine use, from species that move through rapidly to those that make extensive use of estuarine habitats. While Atlantic salmon estuarine use is predominantly similar to rapidly moving Pacific salmon, they can exhibit nearly the entire range of Pacific salmon estuarine use. Both slow and rapidly migrating Atlantic and Pacific salmon actively feed in estuarine environments, consuming insect and invertebrate prey. Interactions between juvenile salmon and estuarine fish communities are poorly understood in both estuaries, although they experience similar avian and marine mammal predators. Estuaries are clearly important for Atlantic and Pacific salmon, yet our understanding of this use is currently insufficient to make informed judgments about habitat quality or overall estuary health. This review of salmonid migration through and residency within estuaries identifies actions that could hasten restoration of both Atlantic and Pacific salmon populations.

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Notes

  1. Queried databases using ProQuest LLC search engine were: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (1971-current); BioOne Abstracts & Indexes (1997-current); COS Conference Papers Index (1982-current), and Water Resources Abstracts (1967-current); query conducted 13 Sep 2013 for the terms Salmo or Oncorhynchus, and river, estuary, or marine, in the abstracts of peer reviewed papers from any year.

  2. Chinook salmon display two major life history types, coined “ocean-type” and “stream-type” (Healey 1983). Among their many differences, ocean-type Chinook salmon enter the ocean as subyearling (age 0.) juveniles, while stream-type Chinook salmon reside in streams for their first year before entering the ocean as yearling (age 1.) smolts. Populations displaying the ocean-type life history typically return to freshwater as adults in the fall (fall-run), stream-type adults return in the spring (spring run), and those with adults returning in summer can be either ocean- or stream-type (Healey 1991; Waples et al. 2004).

  3. Mark selective fisheries allow marked fish (those without adipose fins) to be retained while unmarked (presumably wild) fish must be released, resulting much lower exploitation rates on unmarked fish than marked fish encountered in the same fishery (PFMC 2011). They fisheries typically require barbless hooks to maximize post-release survival.

  4. The genus Americorophium was formerly named Corophium (Bousfield and Hoover 1997).

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Acknowledgments

The manuscript was greatly improved by constructive comment provided by Curtis Roegner, Mark Renkawitz, and one anonymous reviewer. We’d also like to thank Justin Stevens for producing the Penobscot map. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

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  1. NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Newport Field Station, 2032 S. Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Laurie A. Weitkamp

  2. NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Maine Field Station, 17 Godfrey Drive-Suite 1, Orono, ME, 04473, USA

    Graham Goulette, James Hawkes, Michael O’Malley & Christine Lipsky

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Correspondence to Laurie A. Weitkamp.

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Weitkamp, L.A., Goulette, G., Hawkes, J. et al. Juvenile salmon in estuaries: comparisons between North American Atlantic and Pacific salmon populations. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 24, 713–736 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-014-9345-y

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