Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Designing Targeted Educational Voucher Schemes for the Poor in Developing Countries

  • Published:
International Review of Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A targeted educational voucher scheme (TEVS) is often proposed for the poor in developing countries. Essentially, TEVS involves issuing vouchers to poor households, thus enabling them to pay tuition and fees for their children’s schooling at participating non-public schools. However, little is known about TEVS’ design in developing countries. This article provides the foundation for constructing a TEVS and conducting subsequent scientific evaluations to support, modify or oppose such a system. Specifically, this article uses three policy instruments to design a TEVS: regulation, support services and finance. Regulation here refers to the rules that must be adhered to by participating households, children and schools. Support services refer to services facilitating the participation of children, households, schools, and financial and political supporters. Finance refers to the value of each voucher, total TEVS costs and sources of finance.

Résumé

Concevoir des programmes ciblés de chèques-éducation pour les foyers défavorisés des pays en développement – Un programme ciblé de chèques-éducation est fréquemment proposé aux populations défavorisées des pays en développement. Ce programme consiste globalement en la remise de chèques aux foyers défavorisés, qui leur permettent de régler les frais de scolarité pour leurs enfants inscrits dans des établissements privés participant au programme. Les pays en développement disposent cependant d’informations insuffisantes sur la conception de ce type de programme. L’article fournit les bases pour mettre sur pied un programme ciblé de chèques- éducation, et pour effectuer les évaluations scientifiques ultérieures permettant de promouvoir, modifier ou condamner un tel système. En particulier, l’auteur utilise trois instruments politiques pour élaborer un tel programme : réglementation, services de soutien et finances. La réglementation dans ce contexte signifie les règles qui doivent être respectées par les familles, les élèves et les établissements participants. Les services de soutien consistent en mesures qui facilitent la participation des élèves, des ménages et des écoles, ainsi que des parraineurs et des défenseurs politiques. Enfin, les finances portent sur la valeur de chaque chèque, le coût total du programme et les sources de financement.

Zusammenfassung

Die Projektierung zielgerichteter Bildungsgutschein-Programme für die Armen in Entwicklungsländern – Für die Armen in Entwicklungsländern wird häufig ein zielgruppengerechtes Bildungsgutschein-Programm (targeted educational voucher scheme = TEVS) vorgeschlagen. Im Wesentlichen besteht ein TEVS in der Ausgabe von Gutscheinen an arme Privathaushalte, die dadurch in die Lage versetzt werden, Schulgeld und Gebühren für die Ausbildung ihrer Kinder an nichtstaatlichen Schulen zu bezahlen, die sich an dem Programm beteiligen. über das Konzept von TEVS in Entwicklungsländern ist jedoch wenig bekannt. Dieser Artikel legt das Fundament für den Aufbau eines TEVS und die anschließende Durchführung wissenschaftlicher Evaluationsprozesse, um ein solches System zu unterstützen, es zu modifizieren oder sich ihm entgegenzustellen. Insbesondere geht es in diesem Artikel um drei politische Instrumente zur Konzeption eines TEVS: Regulierung, unterstützende Dienstleistungen und Finanzierung. Regulierung bezieht sich hier auf die Regeln, an die sich die teilnehmenden Privathaushalte, Kinder und Schulen halten müssen. Unterstützende Dienstleistungen sind Fördermaßnahmen, die die Beteiligung von Kindern, Privathaushalten, Schulen, Geldgebern und politischen Befürwortern erleichtern. Finanzierung bezieht sich auf den Wert der einzelnen Gutscheine, die Gesamtkosten des TEVS und die Geldquellen.

Resumen

Adjudicación de vales escolares para alumnos de bajos recursos en países en desarrollo – Con gran frecuencia se propone la implantación de vouchers escolares para hogares de bajos recursos en países en desarrollo. En esencia, este sistema implica la emisión de vales con los que estas familias puedan pagar clases y tasas escolares para la educación escolar de los niños en escuelas no públicas incorporadas en el sistema. Sin embargo, sobre el diseño de estos vales en los países en desarrollo se sabe bien poco. Con este artículo, el autor provee una base para construir un sistema de vales y encauzar la evaluación científica subsiguiente con el fin de apoyar, modificar u oponerse a tal sistema. En particular, el autor contempla en este artículo tres instrumentos políticos para diseñar un sistema de vouchers escolares: reglamentación, servicios de apoyo y finanzas. La reglamentación es el conjunto de normas que deberán observar los hogares, los niños y las escuelas participantes. Los servicios de apoyo se refieren a servicios que faciliten la participación de niños, hogares, escuelas y entidades de apoyo finacieras y políticas. Y las finanzas se refieren al valor de cada voucher, al costo total del sistema de vales y a las fuentes de financiación.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andrabi, T., Das J., and Asim, K. (2008) A dime a day: The possibilities and limits of private schooling in Pakistan. Comparative Education Review, 52, 329-355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnove, R. (1997) Neoliberal education policies in Latin America: Arguments in favor and against. In: Latin American Education: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Carlos Alberto Torres and Adriana Puiggros. Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bangay, C. (2005) Private education: relevant or redundant? Private education, decentralization and national provision in Indonesia. Compare, 35, 167-179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belfield, C., and Levin, H. 2003. Educational Privatization: Causes, Consequences, and Planning Implications. In: Fundamentals of Educational Planning. IIEP Series. Paris: UNESCO.

  • Bennell, P. (1996) Rates of returns to education: Does the conventional pattern prevail in Sub-Saharan Africa? World Development, 24, 183-199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bray, M. 1999. The Shadow Education System: Private Tutoring and Its Implications for Planners. In: Fundamental of Education Planning, series 61. Paris: UNESCO.

  • Carnoy, M. (1997) Is privatization through education vouchers really the answer? A comment on West. World Bank Research Observer, 12, 105-116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chubb, J., and Moe, T. (1990) Politics, Markets and Americas Schools. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colclough, C. (1996) Education and the market: Which parts of the neoliberal solution are correct? World Development, 24, 589-610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Janvry, A., Finan, F., and Sadoulet, E. (2006) Evaluating Brazil’s Bolsa Escola program: Impact on schooling and municipal roles. Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duflo, E. 2004. Scaling Up and Evaluation. In: Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 2004: Accelerating Development, ed. by Francois Bourguignon and Boris Pleskovic, 341–369. Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press.

  • Farrell, J. (1993) International lessons for school effectiveness: The view from the developing world. In: Teachers in Developing Countries: Improving Effectiveness and Managing Costs, edited by Joseph Farrell and Jao Oliviera. Washington, DC: Economic Development Institute, World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M. 1962. The Role of Government in Education. In: Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago.

  • Friedman, M. 1993. Public schools: Make them private. Education Economics, 1, 32-44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauri, V., and Vawda, A. (2004) Vouchers for basic education in developing economies: An accountability perspective. World Bank Research Observer, 19, 259-280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gertler, P. (2004) Do conditional cash transfers improve child health? Evidence from PROGRESA’s control randomized experiment. American Economic Review, 94, 336-341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, B., Timpane, P.M., Ross, K., and Brewer, D. (2001) Rhetoric versus Reality: What We Know and What We Need to Know About Vouchers and Charter Schools. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hefner, R., and Zaman, M. (eds.) (2007) Schooling Islam: The culture and politics of modern Muslim education. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henig, J. 1994. Rethinking School Choice: Limits of the Market Metaphor. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

  • Jimenez, E., and Sawada, Y. (1999) Do community-managed schools work? An evaluation of El Salvador’s EDUCO program. World Bank Economic Review, 13, 415-441.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, E., Rawlings, L., Gutierrez, M., and Pardo, C. (1997) Colombia’s targeted education voucher program: Features, coverage, and participation. World Bank: Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, M. 2004. How to improve word health. Daedalus (Summer): 120-123

  • Levin, H. (ed.). 2001. Privatizing Education: Can the Market Deliver Freedom of Choice, Productive Efficiency, Equity and Social Cohesion? Boulder, CO: Westview.

  • Levin, H. (ed.). 2002. A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluating Educational Vouchers. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24: 159–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, H., and Driver, C. (1997) Cost of an educational voucher system. Education Economics, 5, 265–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, H., and McEwan, P. (2001) Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: 2 nd Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., and M. Lockheed. 2006. Inexcusable Absence. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development

  • Mayer, P. 2004. The Use of Educational Vouchers in Colombia. NCSPE Paper No. 92. New York: National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education.

  • Miguel, E., and Kremer, M. (2004) Worms: Identifying impacts on education and health in the presence of treatment externalities. Econometrica, 72, 159-217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mugisha, F. (2006) School enrollment among urban non-slum, slum and rural children in Kenya: Is the urban advantage eroding? International Journal of Educational Development, 26, 471-482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nath, S. (2002) The transition from non-formal to formal education: the case of BRAC, Bangladesh. International Review of Education, 48, 517-524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nath, S., Sylva, K., and Grimes, J. (1999) Raising basic education levels in rural Bangladesh: The impact of a non-formal education program. International Review of Education, 45, 5-26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neal, D. (2002) How would vouchers change the market for education? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16, 25-44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patrinos, H. 2006. Public–Private Partnerships: Contracting Education In Latin America. World Bank Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank.

  • Patrinos, H. (2007) Demand-side financing in education. Education Policy Series, International Academy of Education (Paris) and International Institute for Educational Planning (Brussels). Paris: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravallion, M., and Q. Wodon. 2000. Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy. Economic Journal 110: 158-175

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, P. (2005) Privatization and decentralization of schooling in Malawi: Default or design? Compare, 35, 153-165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, C. (1998) Private school vouchers and student achievement: An evaluation of the Milwaukee parental choice program. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113, 553-602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, T.P. (2004) School subsidies for the poor: evaluating the Mexican Progresa poverty program. Journal of Development Economics, 74, 199-250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shafiq, M. N. 2006. The Prospect of an Educational Voucher Scheme for Punjab’s Katchi Abadi (Urban Slum) Children. Background paper. Budapest and Lahore: Open Society Institute and Punjab Education Foundation.

  • Shafiq, M. N. (2007) Household rates of return to education in rural Bangladesh: Accounting for direct costs, child labor, and option value. Education Economics, 15, 343-358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siniscalco, M. (2002) A Statistical Profile of the Teaching Profession. Geneva and Paris: International Labour Organization and UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, P., and Walford, G. (eds.). 2007. Private Schooling in Less Economically Developed Countries: Asian and African Perspectives. Didcot, Oxon: Symposium Books.

  • Tooley, J., and P. Dixon, 2007. Private Schooling for Low-Income Families: A Census and Comparative Survey in East Delhi, India. International Journal of Educational Development 27(2): 205-219

    Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF. 2005. Progress for Children: A Report Card on Gender Parity and Primary Education. New York: UNICEF

  • Witte, J. 2001. The Market Approach to Education: An Analysis of America's First Voucher Program. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Najeeb Shafiq.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shafiq, M.N. Designing Targeted Educational Voucher Schemes for the Poor in Developing Countries. Int Rev Educ 56, 33–50 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-009-9147-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-009-9147-y

Keywords

Navigation