Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chemical oxidation as an alternative for  municipal wastewater secondary treatment: a review

  • Review paper
  • Published:
Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Activated sludge has been widely adopted as the cornerstone of conventional sewage treatment for over 50 years. This process can reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in wastewater and protect public health, with many systems able to remove nutrients as well. While activated sludge continues to satisfy many treatment targets, the demands on wastewater treatment are changing. There are concerns that toxic and difficult-to-degrade contaminants are contributing to environmental and human health issues. There is also increasing interest in potable reuse to strengthen water resiliency and the waste-to-resource paradigm; however, when biological secondary treatment is used, additional treatment is needed for reuse. Chemical oxidation may be an effective alternative to activated sludge to destroy difficult-to-degrade contaminants. Compared to biological systems, chemical oxidation may also be easier to operate and maintain, requiring less space for more effective treatment. This article presents a critical review of current activated sludge-based sewage treatment practices and explores the opportunity to replace biological secondary wastewater treatment with chemical oxidation. Some opportunities include the ability of chemical oxidation to degrade contaminants of emerging concern (CECs); rapid start up and shut down; and avoidance of issues associated with biological treatment such as toxic loadings, biomass washout, difficulties settling sludge, and sludge handling and disposal. This review focuses on chemical oxidation as an alternative to biological secondary treatment for municipal wastewater. Most works included in this review are referenced in Google Scholar and the Web of Science, with the majority being published between 2000 and 2023. Trends revealed include a substantial increase in investigations regarding biological treatment, but much less literature focused on chemical oxidation of municipal secondary wastewater. There were reports covering chemical oxidation for industrial wastewater and for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater, but not for chemical oxidation as a secondary treatment method for municipal wastewater.”

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdelrahman AM et al (2021) Anaerobic membrane bioreactors for sludge digestion: current status and future perspectives. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 51:2119–2157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed MM, Brienza M, Goetz V, Chiron S (2014) Solar photo-Fenton using peroxymonosulfate for organic micropollutants removal from domestic wastewater: comparison with heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalysis. Chemosphere 117:252–256

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Amor C, Marchão L, Lucas MS, Peres JA (2019) Application of advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of recalcitrant agro-industrial wastewater: a review. Water 11:205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arvaniti OS, Ventouri EI, Stasinakis AS, Thomaidis NS (2012) Occurrence of different classes of perfluorinated compounds in Greek wastewater treatment plants and determination of their solid-water distribution coefficients. J Hazard Mater 239–240:24–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arvaniti OS, Andersen HR, Thomaidis NS, Stasinakis AS (2014) Sorption of Perfluorinated Compounds onto different types of sewage sludge and assessment of its importance during wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 111:405–411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Arzate S, Pfister S, Oberschelp C, Sánchez-Pérez JA (2019) Environmental impacts of an advanced oxidation process as tertiary treatment in a wastewater treatment plant. Sci Total Environ 694:133572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Audenaert W, Vermeersch Y, Van Hulle S, Nopens I (2011) Application of a mechanistic UV/hydrogen peroxide model at full-scale: sensitivity analysis, calibration and performance evaluation. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 76:181–184

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baalbaki Z et al (2016) Fate and mass balance of contaminants of emerging concern during wastewater treatment determined using the fractionated approach. Sci Total Environ 573:1147–1158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Babu DS, Srivastava V, Nidheesh PV, Kumar MS (2019) Detoxification of water and wastewater by advanced oxidation processes. Sci Total Environ 696:133961

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Baerenklau KA, Schwabe KA, Dinar A (2014) The residential water demand effect of increasing block rate water budgets. Land Econ 90:683–699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baluchová S et al (2019) Emissions of perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) from point sources—identification of relevant branches. Environ Sci Technol 7:59–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Banti DC, Tsangas M, Samaras P, Zorpas A (2020) LCA of a membrane bioreactor compared to activated sludge system for municipal wastewater treatment. Membranes (basel) 10:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard JL (1974) Cut P and N without chemicals. Water Wastes Eng 11:33–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnard JL (1975) Biological nutrient removal without the addition of chemicals. Water Res 9:485–490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beltrán FJ, García-Araya JF, Alvarez P (1997) Impact of chemical oxidation on biological treatment of a primary municipal wastewater. 1. Effects on cod and biodegradability. Ozone Sci Eng 19:495–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beltrán FJ, Rey A, Gimeno O (2021) The role of catalytic ozonation processes on the elimination of DBPs and their precursors in drinking water treatment. Catalysts 11:521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann MEH, Rollin J (2007) Product and by-product formation in laboratory studies on disinfection electrolysis of water using boron-doped diamond anodes. Catal Today 124:198–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatti ZA et al (2011) Chemical oxidation of carwash industry wastewater as an effort to decrease water pollution. Phys Chem Earth 36:465–469

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair BD, Crago JP, Hedman CJ, Klaper RD (2013) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in the Great Lakes above concentrations of environmental concern. Chemosphere 93:2116–2123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bo L, Quan X, Chen S, Zhao H, Zhao Y (2006) Degradation of p-nitrophenol in aqueous solution by microwave assisted oxidation process through a granular activated carbon fixed bed. Water Res 40:3061–3068

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bo J et al (2014) Review on electrical discharge plasma technology for wastewater remediation. Chem Eng J 236:348–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bokare AD, Choi W (2014) Review of iron-free Fenton-like systems for activating H2O2 in advanced oxidation processes. J Hazard Mater 275:121–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolong N, Ismail AF, Salim MR, Matsuura T (2009) A review of the effects of emerging contaminants in wastewater and options for their removal. Desalination 239:229–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borzooei S et al (2019) Optimization of the wastewater treatment plant: from energy saving to environmental impact mitigation. Sci Total Environ 691:1182–1189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brienza M, Katsoyiannis IA (2017) Sulfate radical technologies as tertiary treatment for the removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater. Sustainability 9:1604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brienza M et al (2014) Relevance of a photo-Fenton like technology based on peroxymonosulphate for 17β-estradiol removal from wastewater. Chem Eng J 257:191–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks JP, Maxwell SL, Rensing C, Gerba CP, Pepper IL (2007) Occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and endotoxin associated with the land application of biosolids. Can J Microbiol 53:616–622

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan W, Roddick F, Porter N (2006) Formation of hazardous by-products resulting from the irradiation of natural organic matter: Comparison between UV and VUV irradiation. Chemosphere 63:1130–1141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Buffle MO, Von Gunten U (2006) Phenols and amine induced HO generation during the initial phase of natural water ozonation. Environ Sci Technol 40:3057–3063

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Carballa M, Omil F, Lema JM (2007) Calculation methods to perform mass balances of micropollutants in sewage treatment plants. Application to pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). Environ Sci Technol 41:884–890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cecconet D, Molognoni D, Callegari A, Capodaglio AG (2017) Biological combination processes for efficient removal of pharmaceutically active compounds from wastewater: a review and future perspectives. J Environ Chem Eng 5:3590–3603

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaplin BP (2014) Critical review of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for water treatment applications. Environ Sci Process Impacts 16:1182–1203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaplin BP, Hubler DK, Farrell J (2013) Understanding anodic wear at boron doped diamond film electrodes. Electrochim Acta 89:122–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Zhou Y, Meng J, Wang T (2018) Seasonal and annual variations in removal efficiency of perfluoroalkyl substances by different wastewater treatment processes. Environ Pollut 242:2059–2067

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherry KA, Shepherd M, Withers PJA, Mooney SJ (2008) Assessing the effectiveness of actions to mitigate nutrient loss from agriculture: a review of methods. Sci Total Environ 406:1–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Clara M, Kreuzinger N, Strenn B, Gans O, Kroiss H (2005) The solids retention time—a suitable design parameter to evaluate the capacity of wastewater treatment plants to remove micropollutants. Water Res 39:97–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coma M, Rovira S, Canals J, Colprim J (2013) Minimization of sludge production by a side-stream reactor under anoxic conditions in a pilot plant. Bioresour Technol 129:229–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czekalski N et al (2016) Inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes by ozone: from laboratory experiments to full-scale wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Technol 50:11862–11871

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Daly ER et al (2018) Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure assessment in a community exposed to contaminated drinking water, New Hampshire, 2015. Int J Hyg Environ Health 221:569–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deblonde T, Cossu-Leguille C, Hartemann P (2011) Emerging pollutants in wastewater: a review of the literature. Int J Hyg Environ Health 214:442–448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Y, Zhao R (2015) Advanced oxidation processes (AOPS) in wastewater treatment. Curr Pollut Rep 1:167–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dinar A, Schwabe K (2015) Handbook of Water Economics. In: Handbook of Water Economics. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782549666

  • Ding W et al (2019) Ozone disinfection of chlorine-resistant bacteria in drinking water. Water Res 160:339–349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dow C, Ahmad S, Stave K, Gerrity D (2019) Evaluating the sustainability of indirect potable reuse and direct potable reuse: a southern Nevada case study. AWWA Water Sci 1:e1153

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duan X et al (2021) Advanced oxidation processes for water disinfection: features, mechanisms and prospects. Chem Eng J 409:128207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Electric Power Research Institute (2013) Electricity Use and Management in the Municipal Water Supply and Wastewater Industries

  • EPA (2006) National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Final Rule. Federal Register, vol 67, pp 1811–1844

  • Fernandez-Fontaina E, Omil F, Lema JM, Carballa M (2012) Influence of nitrifying conditions on the biodegradation and sorption of emerging micropollutants. Water Res 46:5434–5444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn KC (1984) Secondary treatment: regulatory reality. J Water Pollut Control Fed 56:204–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Galeano LA, Guerrero-Flórez M, Sánchez CA, Gil A, Vicente MÁ (2019) Disinfection by chemical oxidation methods. In: Handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 67, pp 257–295

  • Gao P, Ding Y, Li H, Xagoraraki I (2012) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a municipal wastewater treatment plant: Mass balance and removal processes. Chemosphere 88:17–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudy A, Engelbrecht R (1961) Quantitative and qualitative shock loading of activated sludge systems. Water Pollut Control Fed 33:800–816

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gay F et al (2016) Histological and hormonal changes in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) after exposure to environmental cocaine concentration. J Fish Dis 39:295–308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gernaey AK, Petersen B, Ottoy JP, Vanrolleghem P (2001) Activated sludge monitoring with combined respirometric-titrimetric measurements. Water Res 35:1280–1294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerrity D, Pecson B, Shane Trussell R, Rhodes Trussell R (2013) Potable reuse treatment trains throughout the world. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 62:321–338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerrity D et al (2014) Applicability of ozone and biological activated carbon for potable reuse. Ozone Sci Eng 36:123–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gikas P (2017) Towards energy positive wastewater treatment plants. J Environ Manag 203:621–629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giwa A et al (2021) Recent advances in advanced oxidation processes for removal of contaminants from water: a comprehensive review. Process Saf Environ Prot 146:220–256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Göb S et al (1999) Modeling the kinetics of a photochemical water treatment process by means of artificial neural networks. Chem Eng Process 38:373–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Göbel A, McArdell CS, Joss A, Siegrist H, Giger W (2007) Fate of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in different wastewater treatment technologies. Sci Total Environ 372:361–371

    Article  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Goel M, Hongqiang H, Mujumdar AS, Ray MB (2004) Sonochemical decomposition of volatile and non-volatile organic compounds—a comparative study. Water Res 38:4247–4261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes J, Costa R, Quinta-Ferreira RM, Martins RC (2017) Application of ozonation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from water. Sci Total Environ 586:265–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant JA, Hofmann R (2016) A comparative study of the hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity of activated sludge and membrane bioreactor wastewater effluents. Water Sci Technol 73:2067–2073

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray HE, Powell T, Choi S, Smith DS, Parker WJ (2020) Organic phosphorus removal using an integrated advanced oxidation-ultrafiltration process. Water Res 182:115968

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grübel K, Suschka J (2015) Hybrid alkali-hydrodynamic disintegration of waste-activated sludge before two-stage anaerobic digestion process. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:7258–7270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerra P et al (2014) Parameters affecting the formation of perfluoroalkyl acids during wastewater treatment. J Hazard Mater 272:148–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han D (2004) Improvement of oxidative decomposition of aqueous phenol by microwave irradiation in UV/H2O2 process and kinetic study. Water Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(04)00149-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herman JG, Scruggs CE, Thomson BM (2017) The costs of direct and indirect potable water reuse in a medium-sized arid inland community. J Water Process Eng 19:239–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins CP, Field JA, Criddle CS, Luthy RG (2005) Quantitative determination of perfluorochemicals in sediments and domestic sludge. Environ Sci Technol 39:3946–3956

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hijosa-Valsero M, Molina R, Bayona JM (2014) Assessment of a dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor at atmospheric pressure for the removal of bisphenol A and tributyltin. Environ Technol (united Kingdom) 35:1418–1426

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodaifa G, Gallardo PAR, García CA, Kowalska M, Seyedsalehi M (2019) Chemical oxidation methods for treatment of real industrial olive oil mill wastewater. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 97:247–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofman-Caris RCHM et al (2015) Influence of process conditions and water quality on the formation of mutagenic byproducts in UV/H2O2 processes. Water Res 74:191–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holenda B, Domokos E, Rédey Á, Fazakas J (2008) Dissolved oxygen control of the activated sludge wastewater treatment process using model predictive control. Comput Chem Eng 32:1270–1278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huber MM, Canonica S, Park GY, Von Gunten U (2003) Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. Environ Sci Technol 37:1016–1024

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hübner U, Zucker I, Jekel M (2015) Options and limitations of hydrogen peroxide addition to enhance radical formation during ozonation of secondary effluents. J Water Reuse Desalin 5:8–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes SR, Kay P, Brown LE (2013) Global synthesis and critical evaluation of pharmaceutical data sets collected from river systems. Environ Sci Technol 47:661–677

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Huo ZY, Lee DM, Kim YJ, Kim SW (2021) Solar-induced hybrid energy harvesters for advanced oxidation water treatment. iScience 24:102808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hur AY, Page MA, Guest JS (2023) Thermal swing intermittently-operated biological activated carbon filtration for rapid, non-sewered treatment of psychrophilic black water. Environ Sci (camb) 9:736–746

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang Y, Tanaka T (1998) Control of Microthrix parvicella foaming in activated sludge. Water Res 32:1678–1686

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikehata K, Jodeiri Naghashkar N, Gamal El-Din M (2006) Degradation of aqueous pharmaceuticals by ozonation and advanced oxidation processes: a review. Ozone Sci Eng 28:353–414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob M et al (2010) Performances of RO and NF processes for wastewater reuse: tertiary treatment after a conventional activated sludge or a membrane bioreactor. Desalination 250:833–839

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey P, Yang Z, Judd SJ (2022) The status of potable water reuse implementation. Water Res 214:118198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jelic A et al (2011) Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment. Water Res 45:1165–1176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins D, Richard MG, Daigger GT (2003) Manual on the causes and control of activated sludge bulking, foaming, and other solids separation problems. Crc Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203503157

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jeworski M, Heinzle E (2000) Combined chemical-biological treatment of wastewater containing refractory pollutants. Biotechnol Annu Rev 6:163–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joss A et al (2005) Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment. Water Res 39:3139–3152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapałka A, Fóti G, Comninellis C (2009) The importance of electrode material in environmental electrochemistry. Electrochim Acta 54:2018–2023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2009) The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water Res 43:363–380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kharel S et al (2020) Ozone dose dependent formation and removal of ozonation products of pharmaceuticals in pilot and full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants. Sci Total Environ 731:139064

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd KA et al (2007) Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:8897–8901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Köck-Schulmeyer M et al (2013) Occurrence and behavior of pesticides in wastewater treatment plants and their environmental impact. Sci Total Environ 458–460:466–476

    Article  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kokkinos P, Venieri D, Mantzavinos D (2021) Advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater viral disinfection. A systematic review. Food Environ Virol 13:283–302

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kolkman A, Martijn BJ, Vughs D, Baken KA, Van Wezel AP (2015) Tracing nitrogenous disinfection byproducts after medium pressure UV water treatment by stable isotope labeling and high resolution mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 49:4458–4465

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Korich DG, Mead JR, Madore MS, Sinclair NA, Sterling CR (1990) Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:1423–1428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Korzeniewska E, Harnisz M (2018) Relationship between modification of activated sludge wastewater treatment and changes in antibiotic resistance of bacteria. Sci Total Environ 639:304–315

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Krisbiantoro PA, Kato K, Mahardiani L, Kamiya Y (2020) Oxidation of ammonia nitrogen with ozone in water: a mini review. J Indones Chem Soc 3:17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan P, Gaudy AF (1976) Response of activated sludge to quantitative shock loading. J Water Pollut Control Fed 48:906–919

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruithof JC, Kamp PC, Martijn BJ (2007) UV/H2O2 treatment: a practical solution for organic contaminant control and primary disinfection. Ozone Sci Eng 29:273–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krzeminski P et al (2019) Performance of secondary wastewater treatment methods for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern implicated in crop uptake and antibiotic resistance spread: a review. Sci Total Environ 648:1052–1081

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kümmerer K (2003) Pharmaceuticals in the environment: sources, fate, effects and risks. Waste Manag 23:2003–2003

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahnsteiner J, van Rensburg P, Esterhuizen J (2018) Direct potable reuse—a feasible water management option. J Water Reuse Desalin 8:14–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakshminarasimman N, Gewurtz SB, Parker WJ, Smyth SA (2021) Removal and formation of perfluoroalkyl substances in Canadian sludge treatment systems—a mass balance approach. Sci Total Environ 754:142431

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamsal R, Walsh ME, Gagnon GA (2011) Comparison of advanced oxidation processes for the removal of natural organic matter. Water Res 45:3263–3269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langeveld JG, Schilperoort RPS, Weijers SR (2013) Climate change and urban wastewater infrastructure. There is more to explore. J Hydrol (amst) 476:112–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee Y, von Gunten U (2010) Oxidative transformation of micropollutants during municipal wastewater treatment: comparison of kinetic aspects of selective (chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ferrateVI, and ozone) and non-selective oxidants (hydroxyl radical). Water Res 44:555–566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee Y et al (2013) Prediction of micropollutant elimination during ozonation of municipal wastewater effluents: Use of kinetic and water specific information. Environ Sci Technol 47:5872–5881

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Legube B, Karpel Vel Leitner N (1999) Catalytic Ozonation—a promising advanced oxidation technology for water treatment. Catal Today 53:61–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemar P, De Fontaine A (2017) Energy data management manual for the wastewater treatment sector. U.S. Department of Energy

  • Listiarini K, Tor JT, Sun DD, Leckie JO (2010) Hybrid coagulation-nanofiltration membrane for removal of bromate and humic acid in water. J Memb Sci 365:154–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Björnsson L, Mattiasson B (2000) Immobilised activated sludge based biosensor for biochemical oxygen demand measurement. Biosens Bioelectron 14:883–893

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J et al (2017) Water scarcity assessments in the past, present, and future. Earths Fut 5:545–559

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Song X, Na Z, Li G, Luo W (2022) Strategies to enhance micropollutant removal from wastewater by membrane bioreactors: recent advances and future perspectives. Bioresour Technol 344:126322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Locke BR, Sato M, Sunka P, Hoffmann MR, Chang JS (2006) Electrohydraulic discharge and nonthermal plasma for water treatment. Ind Eng Chem Res 45:882–905

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lofrano G, Brown J (2010) Wastewater management through the ages: a history of mankind. Sci Total Environ 408:5254–5264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Loos R et al (2013) EU-wide monitoring survey on emerging polar organic contaminants in wastewater treatment plant effluents. Water Res 47:6475–6487

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Q, He ZL, Stoffella PJ (2012) Land application of biosolids in the USA: a review. Appl Environ Soil Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/201462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutze HV, Bakkour R, Kerlin N, von Sonntag C, Schmidt TC (2014) Formation of bromate in sulfate radical based oxidation: mechanistic aspects and suppression bydissolved organic matter. Water Res 53:370–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahamuni NN, Adewuyi YG (2010) Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) involving ultrasound for waste water treatment: A review with emphasis on cost estimation. Ultrason Sonochem 17:990–1003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahdi Ahmed M, Barbati S, Doumenq P, Chiron S (2012) Sulfate radical anion oxidation of diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole for water decontamination. Chem Eng J 197:440–447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mancosu N, Snyder RL, Kyriakakis G, Spano D (2015) Water scarcity and future challenges for food production. Water (switzerland) 7:975–992

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantzavinos D, Psillakis E (2004) Enhancement of biodegradability of industrial wastewaters by chemical oxidation pre-treatment. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 79:431–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margot J et al (2013) Treatment of micropollutants in municipal wastewater: ozone or powdered activated carbon? Sci Total Environ 461–462:480–498

    Article  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Martijn AJ, Boersma MG, Vervoort JM, Rietjens IMCM, Kruithof JC (2014) Formation of genotoxic compounds by medium pressure ultraviolet treatment of nitrate-rich water. Desalin Water Treat 52:6275–6281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason TJ, Pétrier C (2004) Ultrasound processes. In: Advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment, pp 185–208

  • McGrath SP, Chang AC, Page AL, Witter E (1994) Land application of sewage sludge: scientific perspectives of heavy metal loading limits in Europe and the United States. Environ Rev 2:108–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Means E (2004) Water and wastewater industry energy efficiency: a research roadmap. Awwa Research Foundation, pp 15–16

  • Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY (2016) Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Am Assoc Adv Sci 2:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Merényi G, Lind J, Naumov S, Von Sonntag C (2010a) Reaction of ozone with hydrogen peroxide (peroxone process): a revision of current mechanistic concepts based on thermokinetic and quantum-chemical considerations. Environ Sci Technol 44:3505–3507

    Article  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Merényi G, Lind J, Naumov S, Von Sonntag C (2010b) The reaction of ozone with the hydroxide ion: mechanistic considerations based on thermokinetic and quantum chemical calculations and the role of HO4– in superoxide dismutation. Chem Eur J 16:1372–1377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf L, Eddy HP (2013) Wastewater engineering: treatment and resource recovery. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Miklos DB et al (2018) Evaluation of advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment—a critical review. Water Res 139:118–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakatani N et al (2007) Determination of photoformation rates and scavenging rate constants of hydroxyl radicals in natural waters using an automatic light irradiation and injection system. Anal Chim Acta 581:260–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newhart KB, Holloway RW, Hering AS, Cath TY (2019) Data-driven performance analyses of wastewater treatment plants: a review. Water Res 157:498–513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen AQ et al (2021) Monitoring antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment: current strategies and future challenges. Sci Total Environ 783:146964

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nittami T, Batinovic S (2021) Recent advances in understanding the ecology of the filamentous bacteria responsible for activated sludge bulking. Lett Appl Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien M, Mack J, Lennox B, Lovett D, Wall A (2011) Model predictive control of an activated sludge process: a case study. Control Eng Pract 19:54–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochoa-Herrera V, Sierra-Alvarez R (2008) Removal of perfluorinated surfactants by sorption onto granular activated carbon, zeolite and sludge. Chemosphere 72:1588–1593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Oller I, Malato S, Sánchez-Pérez JA (2011) Combination of Advanced Oxidation Processes and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination—a review. Sci Total Environ 409:4141–4166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pal P, Khairnar K, Paunikar W (2014) Causes and remedies for filamentous foaming in activated sludge treatment plant. Global NEST J 16:762–772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel A et al (2021) Physico-chemical and biological treatment strategies for converting municipal wastewater and its residue to resources. Chemosphere 282:130881

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peeters JE, Mazas EA, Masschelein WJ, Villacorta MartinezdeMaturana I, Debacker E (1989) Effect of disinfection of drinking water with ozone or chlorine dioxide on survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:1519–1522

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters PE, Zitomer DH (2021) Current and future approaches to wet weather flow management: a review. Water Environ Res 93:1179–1193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilli S, More T, Yan S, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY (2015) Anaerobic digestion of thermal pre-treated sludge at different solids concentrations—computation of mass-energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions. J Environ Manag 157:250–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piras F et al (2020) Controlling micropollutants in tertiary municipal wastewater by O3/H2O2, granular biofiltration and UV254/H2O2 for potable reuse applications. Chemosphere 239:124635

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plósz BG, Liltved H, Ratnaweera H (2009) Climate change impacts on activated sludge wastewater treatment: a case study from Norway. Water Sci Technol 60:533–541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard DL, Penney N, McLaughlin MJ, Rigby H, Schwarz K (2010) Land application of sewage sludge (biosolids) in Australia: risks to the environment and food crops. Water Sci Technol 62:48–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pronk M et al (2015) Full scale performance of the aerobic granular sludge process for sewage treatment. Water Res 84:207–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pruden A, Pei R, Storteboom H, Carlson KH (2006) Antibiotic resistance genes as emerging contaminants: studies in northern Colorado. Environ Sci Technol 40:7445–7450

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Purdom CE et al (1994) Estrogenic effects of effluents from sewage treatment works. Chem Ecol 8:275–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren S (2004) Assessing wastewater toxicity to activated sludge: recent research and developments. Environ Int 30:1151–1164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo L et al (2019) Consolidated vs new advanced treatment methods for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern from urban wastewater. Sci Total Environ 655:986–1008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues Pires da Silva J et al (2021) Study of effects of pharmaceuticals on the activated sludge process combining advanced oxidation using ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide to increase their removal and mineralization of wastewater. J Environ Chem Eng 9:104576

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas-Valencia MN (2011) Research on ozone application as disinfectant and action mechanisms on wastewater microorganisms. Sci against Microb Pathog Commun Curr Res Technol Adv 3:263–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosal R et al (2010) Occurrence of emerging pollutants in urban wastewater and their removal through biological treatment followed by ozonation. Water Res 44:578–588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rout PR, Zhang TC, Bhunia P, Surampalli RY (2021) Treatment technologies for emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment plants: a review. Sci Total Environ 753:141990

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Salimi M et al (2017) Contaminants of emerging concern: a review of new approach in AOP technologies. Environ Monit Assess 189:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez Pérez JA et al (2013) Economic evaluation of a combined photo-Fenton/MBR process using pesticides as model pollutant. Factors affecting costs. J Hazard Mater 244–245:195–203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sathasivam M, Shanmugapriya S, Yogeshwaran V, Priya AK (2019) Industrial waste water treatment using advanced oxidation process-a review. Int J Eng Adv Technol (IJEAT) 8:2249–8958

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeman JJ, Steyn A (2003) Nitrate removal with reverse osmosis in a rural area in South Africa. Desalination 155:15–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott JP, Ollis DF (1995) Integration of chemical and biological oxidation processes for water treatment: review and recommendations. Environ Prog 14:88–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seol Y, Zhang H, Schwartz FW (2003) A review of in situ chemical oxidation and heterogeneity. Environ Eng Geosci 9:37–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sepulvado JG, Blaine AC, Hundal LS, Higgins CP (2011) Occurrence and fate of perfluorochemicals in soil following the land application of municipal biosolids. Environ Sci Technol 45:8106–8112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sgroi M, Snyder SA, Roccaro P (2021) Comparison of AOPs at pilot scale: energy costs for micro-pollutants oxidation, disinfection by-products formation and pathogens inactivation. Chemosphere 273:128527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpless CM, Linden KG (2001) UV photolysis of nitrate: effects of natural organic matter and dissolved inorganic carbon and implications for UV water disinfection. Environ Sci Technol 35:2949–2955

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi CY (2011) Mass flow and energy efficiency of municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Intelligence Online vol 10

  • Sinclair E, Kannan K (2006) Mass loading and fate of perfluoroalkyl surfactants in wastewater treatment plants. Environ Sci Technol 40:1408–1414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • CDM Smith (2020) Cost Analysis of the Impacts on Municipal Utilities and Biosolids Management to Address PFAS Contamination

  • Stanford BD, Pisarenko AN, DavidHolbrook R, Snyder SA (2011) Preozonation effects on the reduction of reverse osmosis membrane fouling in water reuse. Ozone Sci Eng 33:379–388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stare A, Vrečko D, Hvala N, Strmčnik S (2007) Comparison of control strategies for nitrogen removal in an activated sludge process in terms of operating costs: a simulation study. Water Res 41:2004–2014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stasinakis AS, Kotsifa S, Gatidou G, Mamais D (2009) Diuron biodegradation in activated sludge batch reactors under aerobic and anoxic conditions. Water Res 43:1471–1479

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez S, Lema JM, Omil F (2010) Removal of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) under nitrifying and denitrifying conditions. Water Res 44:3214–3224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svardal K, Kroiss H (2011) Energy requirements for waste water treatment. Water Sci Technol 64:1355–1361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ternes TA, Joss A, Siegrist H (2004) Peer reviewed: scrutinizing pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Technol 38:392A-399A

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Thalmann B, von Gunten U, Kaegi R (2018) Ozonation of municipal wastewater effluent containing metal sulfides and metal complexes: Kinetics and mechanisms. Water Res 134:170–180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobajas M, Verdugo V, Polo AM, Rodriguez JJ, Mohedano AF (2016) Assessment of toxicity and biodegradability on activated sludge of priority and emerging pollutants. Environ Technol (united Kingdom) 37:713–721

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toor R, Mohseni M (2007) UV-H2O2 based AOP and its integration with biological activated carbon treatment for DBP reduction in drinking water. Chemosphere 66:2087–2095

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tran NH, Reinhard M, Gin KYH (2018) Occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plants from different geographical regions-a review. Water Res 133:182–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tran HT et al (2022) Activated sludge processes and recent advances. Curr Dev Biotechnol Bioeng Adv Biol Wastewater Treat Syst. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99874-1.00021-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang YF, Sin SN, Chua H (2008) Nocardia foaming control in activated sludge process treating domestic wastewater. Bioresour Technol 99:3381–3388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. NPDES permit writers’ manual. Pp 1–269 (2010)

  • UN (1997) Glossary of environment statistics. Choice Reviews Online 35, 35-1887–35-1887

  • Van Loosdrecht MCM, Lopez-Vazquez CM, Meijer SCF, Hooijmans CM, Brdjanovic D (2015) Twenty-five years of ASM1: past, present and future of wastewater treatment modelling. J Hydroinf 17:697–718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venkiteshwaran K et al (2021) Conversion of soluble recalcitrant phosphorus to recoverable orthophosphate form using UV/H2O2. Chemosphere 278:130391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verlicchi P, AlAukidy M, Zambello E (2012) Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment—a review. Sci Total Environ 429:123–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Viau E, Bibby K, Paez-Rubio T, Peccia J (2011) Toward a consensus view on the infectious risks associated with land application of sewage sludge. Environ Sci Technol 45:5459–5469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Gunten U (2003) Ozonation of drinking water: Part I. Oxidation kinetics and product formation. Water Res 37:1469–1487

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Gunten U, Oliveras Y (1998) Advanced oxidation of bromide-containig waters: bromate formation mechanisms. Environ Sci Technol 32:63–70

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Von GU (2003) Ozonation of drinking water: part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine. Water Res 37:1469–1487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wadley S, Waite T (2004) Fenton process. In: Advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment, pp 111–136

  • Wang J, Chen H (2020) Catalytic ozonation for water and wastewater treatment: recent advances and perspective. Sci Total Environ 704:135249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JL, Zhan XM, Feng YC, Qian Y (2005) Effect of salinity variations on the performance of activated sludge system. Biomed Environ Sci 18:5–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund ÅD, Hagland E, Rothman M (1998) Foaming in anaerobic digesters caused by Microthrix parvicella. Water Sci Technol 37:51–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WEF (2015) Global Risks 2015

  • Wilén BM, Lumley D, Mattsson A, Mino T (2006) Rain events and their effect on effluent quality studied at a full scale activated sludge treatment plant. Water Sci Technol 54:201–208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiszniowski J, Robert D, Surmacz-Gorska J, Miksch K, Weber JV (2006) Landfill leachate treatment methods: a review. Environ Chem Lett 4:51–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Li B, Ju F, Zhang T (2013) Exploring variation of antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge over a four-year period through a metagenomic approach. Environ Sci Technol 47:10197–10205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu SY et al (2024) Review of advanced oxidation processes for treating hospital sewage to achieve decontamination and disinfection. Chin Chem Lett 35:108714

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yunlong L et al (2014) A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ 473–474:619–641

    Google Scholar 

  • Zagklis DP, Bampos G (2022) Tertiary wastewater treatment technologies: a review of technical, economic, and life cycle aspects. Processes 10:2304

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang T, Zhang XX, Ye L (2011) Plasmid metagenome reveals high levels of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in activated sludge. PLoS ONE 6:e26041

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W et al (2013) Distribution and fate of perfluoroalkyl substances in municipal wastewater treatment plants in economically developed areas of China. Environ Pollut 176:10–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Chen J, Dai C, Zhang Y, Zhou X (2015) Degradation of carbamazepine and toxicity evaluation using the UV/persulfate process in aqueous solution. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 90:701–708

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y et al (2016) Reduction of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater effluent by advanced oxidation processes. Sci Total Environ 550:184–191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao R et al (2019) Deciphering of microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge reactors under high selective pressure of different antibiotics. Water Res 151:388–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhihui A, Peng Y, Xiaohua L (2005) Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol by microwave irradiation enhanced advanced oxidation processes. Chemosphere 60:824–827

    Article  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann SG et al (2011) Kinetic assessment and modeling of an ozonation step for full-scale municipal wastewater treatment: micropollutant oxidation, by-product formation and disinfection. Water Res 45:605–617

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zitomer DH, Speece RE (1993) Sequential environments for enhanced biotransformation of aqueous contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 27:226–244

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Department of Army award (“Novel Technologies to Mitigate Water Contamination for Resilient Infrastructure”; Federal Award Identification Number: W9132T2220001) issued by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC). The United States Government has a royalty-free license throughout the world in all copyrightable material contained herein. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USACE-ERDC. Additionally, A.J.B. would like to thank the Department of Education for providing grant funding through the Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need (GAANN) program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA

    Alex Booton, Brooke K. Mayer & Daniel H. Zitomer

Authors
  1. Alex Booton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brooke K. Mayer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daniel H. Zitomer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel H. Zitomer.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Booton, A., Mayer, B.K. & Zitomer, D.H. Chemical oxidation as an alternative for  municipal wastewater secondary treatment: a review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 23, 43–65 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-024-09684-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-024-09684-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation