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Phytosterols and Dementia

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Abstract

As the aging of the world’s population is becoming increasingly serious, dementia-related diseases have become a hot topic in public health research. In recent years, human epidemiological studies have focused on lipid metabolism disorders and dementia. The efficacy of phytosterol intake as a cholesterol-lowering agent has been demonstrated. Phytosterols directly serve as ligands of the nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), activating Sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1), which are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and the pathogenesis of dementia. Moreover, phytosterols mediate cell and membrane cholesterol efflux or beta amyloid (Aβ) metabolism, which have preventative and therapeutic effects on dementia. Additionally, incorporation of plant sterols in lipid rafts can effectively reduce dietary fat and alter the dietary composition of fiber, fat and cholesterol to regulate appetite and calories. Overall, the objectives of this review are to explore whether phytosterols are a potentially effective target for the prevention of dementia and to discuss a possible molecular mechanism by which phytosterols play a role in the pathogenesis of dementia via the PPARs-SIRT-1 pathway.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer disease

Aβ:

Beta-amyloid

APP:

Amyloid precursor protein

PPARs:

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors

SIRT-1:

Sirtuin1

PGC-1α:

Peroxlsome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1α

NAD:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

24S-OHC:

24S-hydroxycholesterol

LXR:

Liver X receptor

ABCA1/G5/G8:

ATP-binding cassette

LDL:

Low density lipoprotein

HDL:

High density lipoprotein

APOE:

Apolipoprotein E

LDLR:

Low density lipoprotein receptor

LRP1:

LDL receptor related protein 1

RAGE:

Receptor for advanced glycation end products

SREBP-1c:

Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c

CYP46A1:

24-hydroxylases enzyme

PPRE:

PPAR-responsive element

ADAM10:

A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10

ROCK1:

RhoA protein1

P-tau:

Phosphorylated tau

NF-κB:

Nuclear receptor kappa B

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  1. Department of Public Health School, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China

    Rong Shuang, Xu Rui & Li Wenfang

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  1. Rong Shuang
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  2. Xu Rui
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Rong Shuang and Xu Rui contributed equally to this study and should be co-first author.

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Shuang, R., Rui, X. & Wenfang, L. Phytosterols and Dementia. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 71, 347–354 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-016-0574-1

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