Abstract
Light harvesting by antenna systems is the initial step in a series of electron-transfer reactions in all photosynthetic organisms, leading to energy trapping by reaction center proteins. Cyanobacteria are an ecologically diverse group and are the simplest organisms capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. The primary light-harvesting antenna in cyanobacteria is the large membrane extrinsic pigment-protein complex called the phycobilisome. In addition, cyanobacteria have also evolved specialized membrane-intrinsic chlorophyll-binding antenna proteins that transfer excitation energy to the reaction centers of photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) and dissipate excess energy through nonphotochemical quenching. Primary among these are the CP43 and CP47 proteins of PSII, but in addition, some cyanobacteria also use IsiA and the prochlorophyte chlorophyll a/b binding (Pcb) family of proteins. Together, these proteins comprise the CP43 family of proteins owing to their sequence similarity with CP43. In this article, we have revisited the evolution of these chlorophyll-binding antenna proteins by examining their protein sequences in parallel with their spectral properties. Our phylogenetic and spectroscopic analyses support the idea of a common ancestor for CP43, IsiA, and Pcb proteins, and suggest that PcbC might be a distant ancestor of IsiA. The similar spectral properties of CP47 and IsiA suggest a closer evolutionary relationship between these proteins compared to CP43.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data related to this study are contained in the manuscript.
References
Akita F, Nagao R, Kato K, Nakajima Y, Yokono M, Ueno Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Shen J-R, Akimoto S, Miyazaki N (2020) Structure of a cyanobacterial photosystem I surrounded by octadecameric IsiA antenna proteins. Commun Biol 3(1):232. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-0949-6
Alfonso M, Montoya G, Cases R, Rodriguez R, Picorel R (1994) Core antenna complexes, CP43 and CP47, of higher-plant photosystem-II—spectral properties, pigment stoichiometry, and amino-acid-composition. Biochemistry 33(34):10494–10500. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00200a034
Andrizhiyevskaya EG, Schwabe TM, Germano M, D’Haene S, Kruip J, van Grondelle R, Dekker JP (2002) Spectroscopic properties of PSI-IsiA supercomplexes from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1556(2–3):265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-2728(02)00371-7
Andrizhiyevskaya EG, Frolov D, van Grondelle R, Dekker JP (2004) Energy transfer and trapping in the photosystem I complex of Synechococcus PCC 7942 and in its supercomplex with IsiA. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1656(2–3):104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.02.002
Barrera-Rojas J, van Vara LG, Ríos-Castro E, Leyva-Castillo LE, Gómez-Lojero C (2018) The distribution of divinyl chlorophylls a and b and the presence of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase in Prochlorococcus marinus MIT9313 thylakoid membranes. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01100
Berera R, van Stokkum IHM, d’Haene S, Kennis JTM, van Grondelle R, Dekker JP (2009) A mechanism of energy dissipation in cyanobacteria. Biophys J 96(6):2261–2267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3905
Berera R, van Stokkum IHM, Kennis JTM, van Grondelle R, Dekker JP (2010) The light-harvesting function of carotenoids in the cyanobacterial stress-inducible IsiA complex. Chem Phys 373(1–2):65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.01.011
Bibby TS, Nield J, Barber J (2001) Iron deficiency induces the formation of an antenna ring around trimeric photosystem I in cyanobacteria. Nature 412(6848):743–745. https://doi.org/10.1038/35089098
Bibby TS, Mary I, Nield J, Partensky F, Barber J (2003a) Low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus species possess specific antennae for each photosystem. Nature 424:1051–1054. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01933
Bibby TS, Nield J, Chen M, Larkum AW, Barber J (2003b) Structure of a photosystem II supercomplex isolated from Prochloron didemni retaining its chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(15):9050–9054. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1532271100
Biswas S, Niedzwiedzki DM, Pakrasi HB (2023) Energy dissipation efficiency in the CP43 assembly intermediate complex of photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2023.148982
Björn LO, Papageorgiou GC, Blankenship RE, Govindjee (2009) A viewpoint: why chlorophyll a? Photosynth Res 99(2):85–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-008-9395-x
Blankenship RE (1992) Origin and early evolution of photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 33:91–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00039173
Blankenship RE (2001) Molecular evidence for the evolution of photosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci 6(1):4–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01831-8
Boehm M, Romero E, Reisinger V, Yu JF, Komenda J, Eichacker LA, Dekker JP, Nixon PJ (2011) Investigating the early stages of photosystem II assembly in Synechocystis sp pcc 6803. Isolation of CP47 and CP43 complexes. J Biol Chem 286(17):14812–14819. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.207944
Boekema EJ, Hifney A, Yakushevska AE, Piotrowski M, Keegstra W, Berry S, Michel KP, Pistorius EK, Kruip J (2001) A giant chlorophyll-protein complex induced by iron deficiency in cyanobacteria. Nature 412(6848):745–748. https://doi.org/10.1038/35089104
Boichenko VA, Pinevich AV, Stadnichuk IN (2007) Association of chlorophyll. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1767(6):801–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.11.001
Bonen L, Doolittle WF (1975) On the prokaryotic nature of red algal chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72(6):2310–2314. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.72.6.2310
Bonen L, Doolittle WF (1976) Partial sequences of 16S rRNA and the phylogeny of blue-green algae and chloroplasts. Nature 261(5562):669–673. https://doi.org/10.1038/261669a0
Bonen L, Doolittle WF, Fox GE (1979) Cyanobacterial evolution: results of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequence analyses. Can J Biochem 57(6):879–888. https://doi.org/10.1139/o79-108
Bumba L, Prasil O, Vacha F (2005) Antenna ring around trimeric photosystem I in chlorophyll b containing cyanobacterium Prochlorothrix hollandica. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1708(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.02.005
Burnap RL, Troyan T, Sherman LA (1993) The highly abundant chlorophyll-protein complex of iron-deficient Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 (CP43’) is encoded by the isiA gene. Plant Physiol 103(3):893–902. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.3.893
Cao P, Cao DF, Si L, Su XD, Tian LJ, Chang WR, Liu ZF, Zhang XZ, Li M (2020) Structural basis for energy and electron transfer of the photosystem I-IsiA-flavodoxin supercomplex. Nat Plants 6(2):167–176. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-0593-7
Cardona T (2016) Reconstructing the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis: do assembly and photoactivation recapitulate evolution? Front Plant Sci 7:257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00257
Casazza AP, Szczepaniak M, Muller MG, Zucchelli G, Holzwarth AR (2010) Energy transfer processes in the isolated core antenna complexes CP43 and CP47 of photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1797(8):1606–1616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.05.008
Chen M, Bibby TS (2005) Photosynthetic apparatus of antenna-reaction centres supercomplexes in oxyphotobacteria: Insight through significance of Pcb/IsiA proteins. Photosynth Res 86(1–2):165–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-005-1330-9
Chen M, Quinnell RG, Larkum AWD (2002) Chlorophyll d as the major photopigment in Acaryochloris marina. J Porphyr Phthalocyanines 06(12):763–773. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1088424602000889
Chen M, Bibby TS, Nield J, Larkum AWD, Barber J (2005a) Structure of a large photosystem II supercomplex from Acaryochloris marina. FEBS Lett 579(5):1306–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.01.023
Chen M, Hiller RG, Howe CJ, Larkum AW (2005b) Unique origin and lateral transfer of prokaryotic chlorophyll-b and chlorophyll-d light-harvesting systems. Mol Biol Evol 22(1):21–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msh250
Chen M, Donohoe K, Crossett B, Schliep M, Larkum T (2008) Molecular basis of antenna system adaptation in a Chl d-containing organism. In: Allen JF, Gantt E, Golbeck JH, Osmond B (eds) Photosynthesis. Energy from the sun: 14th international congress on photosynthesis. Springer, pp 243–246
Chen M, Zhang Y, Blankenship RE (2008b) Nomenclature for membrane-bound light-harvesting complexes of cyanobacteria. Photosynth Res 95(2–3):147–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-007-9255-0
Chen H-YS, Liberton M, Pakrasi HB, Niedzwiedzki DM (2017) Reevaluating the mechanism of excitation energy regulation in iron-starved cyanobacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1858(3):249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BBABIO.2017.01.001
Chen H-YS, Bandyopadhyay A, Pakrasi HB (2018) Function, regulation and distribution of IsiA, a membrane-bound chlorophyll a-antenna protein in cyanobacteria. Photosynthetica 56(1):322–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-018-0787-7
Chen H-YS, Niedzwiedzki DM, Bandyopadhyay A, Biswas S, Pakrasi HB (2021) A novel mode of photoprotection mediated by a cysteine residue in the chlorophyll protein IsiA. mBio 12(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.03663-20
Dang NC, Zazubovich V, Reppert M, Neupane B, Picorel R, Seibert M, Jankowiak R (2008) The CP43 proximal antenna complex of higher plant photosystem II revisited: modeling and hole burning study. I J Phys Chem B 112(32):9921–9933. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp801373c
de Paula JC, Liefshitz A, Hinsley S, Lin W, Chopra V, Long K, Williams SA, Betts S, Yocum CF (1994) Structure-function relationships in the 47-kDa antenna protein and its complex with the photosystem II reaction center core: insights from picosecond fluorescence decay kinetics and resonance Raman spectroscopy. Biochemistry 33(6):1455–1466. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00172a023
de Weerd FL, Palacios MA, Andrizhiyevskaya EG, Dekker JP, van Grondelle R (2002a) Identifying the lowest electronic states of the chlorophylls in the CP47 core antenna protein of photosystem II. Biochemistry 41(51):15224–15233. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi0261948
de Weerd FL, van Stokkum IH, van Amerongen H, Dekker JP, van Grondelle R (2002b) Pathways for energy transfer in the core light-harvesting complexes CP43 and CP47 of photosystem II. Biophys J 82(3):1586–1597. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75510-0
de Weerd FL, Dekker JP, van Grondelle R (2003) Dynamics of b-carotene-to-chlorophyll singlet energy transfer in the core of photosystem II. J Phys Chem B 107(25):6214–6220. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp027737q
Durchan M, Herbstová M, Fuciman M, Gardian Z, Vácha F, Polívka T (2010) Carotenoids in energy transfer and quenching processes in Pcb and Pcb−PS I complexes from Prochlorothrix hollandica. J Phys Chem B 114(28):9275–9282. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1026724
Feng X, Neupane B, Acharya K, Zazubovich V, Picorel R, Seibert M, Jankowiak R (2011) Spectroscopic study of the CP43′ complex and the PSI–CP43′ supercomplex of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. J Phys Chem B 115(45):13339–13349. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp206054b
Geiß U, Vinnemeier J, Schoor A, Hagemann M (2001) The iron-regulated isiA gene of Fischerella muscicola strain PCC 73103 is linked to a likewise regulated gene encoding a Pcb-like chlorophyll-binding protein. FEMS Microbiol Lett 197(1):123–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10593.x
Giovannoni SJ, Turner S, Olsen GJ, Barns S, Lane DJ, Pace NR (1988) Evolutionary relationships among cyanobacteria and green chloroplasts. J Bacteriol 170(8):3584–3592. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.170.8.3584-3592.1988
Gisriel CJ, Wang J, Liu J, Flesher DA, Reiss KM, Huang HL, Yang KR, Armstrong WH, Gunner MR, Batista VS, Debus RJ, Brudvig GW (2022) High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of photosystem II from the mesophilic cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116765118
Groot ML, Frese RN, De Weerd FL, Bromek K, Pettersson Å, Peterman EJG, Van Stokkum IHM, Van Grondelle R, Dekker JP (1999) Spectroscopic properties of the CP43 core antenna protein of photosystem II. Biophys J 77(6):3328–3340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77164-X
Harris D, Toporik H, Schlau-Cohen GS, Mazor Y (2023) Energetic robustness to large scale structural fluctuations in a photosynthetic supercomplex. Nat Commun 14(1):4650. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40146-8
He JF, Wang SC, Zhang S, He FT, Shan JX, Kuang TY (2001) Kinetic fluorescence spectral analysis of core antennas CP43 and CP47 of photosystem II with ultrafast time-resolved technology. Acta Bot Sin 43(7):704–708
Herbstová M, Litvín R, Gardian Z, Komenda J, Vácha F (2010) Localization of Pcb antenna complexes in the photosynthetic prokaryote Prochlorothrix hollandica. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1797(1):89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.09.002
Huyer J, Eckert HJ, Irrgang KD, Miao J, Eichler HJ, Renger G (2004) Fluorescence decay kinetics of solubilized pigment protein complexes from the distal, proximal, and core antenna of photosystem II in the range of 10–277 K and absence or presence of sucrose. J Phys Chem B 108(10):3326–3334. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp030944l
Ihalainen JA, D’Haene S, Yeremenko N, Hv R, Arteni AA, Boekema EJ, Rv G, Matthijs HCP, Dekker JP (2005) Aggregates of the chlorophyll-binding protein IsiA (CP43’) dissipate energy in cyanobacteria. Biochemistry 44(32):10846–10853. https://doi.org/10.1021/BI0510680
Ito H, Tanaka A (2011) Evolution of a divinyl chlorophyll-based photosystem in Prochlorococcus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(44):18014–18019. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1107590108
Jankowiak R, Zazubovich V, Ratsep M, Matsuzaki S, Alfonso M, Picorel R, Seibert M, Small GJ (2000) The CP43 core antenna complex of photosystem II possesses two quasi-degenerate and weakly coupled Qy-trap states. J Phys Chem B 104(49):11805–11815. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0025431
Kouřil R, Arteni AA, Lax J, Yeremenko N, D’Haene S, Rögner M, Matthijs HCP, Dekker JP, Boekema EJ (2005) Structure and functional role of supercomplexes of IsiA and photosystem I in cyanobacterial photosynthesis. FEBS Lett 579(15):3253–3257. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FEBSLET.2005.03.051
La Roche J, Van Der Staay GWM, Partensky F, Ducret A, Aebersold R, Li R, Golden SS, Hiller RG, Wrench PM, Larkum AWD, Green BR (1996) Independent evolution of the prochlorophyte and green plant chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93(26):15244–15248. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.26.15244
Laudenbacht DE, Straus NA (1988) Characterization of a cyanobacterial iron stress-induced gene similar to psbC. J Bacteriol 170(11):5018–5026. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.170.11.5018-5026.1988
Melkozernov AN, Bibby TS, Lin S, Barber J, Blankenship RE (2003) Time-resolved absorption and emission show that the CP43’ antenna ring of iron-stressed Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 is efficiently coupled to the photosystem I reaction center core. Biochemistry 42(13):3893–3903. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi026987u
Mix LJ, Haig D, Cavanaugh CM (2005) Phylogenetic analyses of the core antenna domain: investigating the origin of photosystem I. J Mol Evol 60(2):153–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-003-0181-2
Moore KR, Magnabosco C, Momper L, Gold DA, Bosak T, Fournier GP (2019) An expanded ribosomal phylogeny of cyanobacteria supports a deep placement of plastids. Front Microbiol 10:1612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01612
Murray JW, Duncan J, Barber J (2006) CP43-like chlorophyll binding proteins: structural and evolutionary implications. Trends Plant Sci 11(3):152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2006.01.007
Nagao R, Kato K, Hamaguchi T, Ueno Y, Tsuboshita N, Shimizu S, Furutani M, Ehira S, Nakajima Y, Kawakami K, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Akimoto S, Yonekura K, Shen JR (2023) Structure of a monomeric photosystem I core associated with iron-stress-induced-A proteins from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36504-1
Neupane B, Dang NC, Acharya K, Reppert M, Zazubovich V, Picorel R, Seibert M, Jankowiak R (2010) Insight into the electronic structure of the CP47 antenna protein complex of photosystem II: hole burning and fluorescence study. J Am Chem Soc 132(12):4214–4229. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja908510w
Nishiyama Y, Allakhverdiev SI, Murata N (2006) A new paradigm for the action of reactive oxygen species in the photoinhibition of photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1757(7):742–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.05.013
Orf GS, Saer RG, Niedzwiedzki DM, Zhang H, McIntosh CL, Schultz JW, Mirica LM, Blankenship RE (2016) Evidence for a cysteine-mediated mechanism of excitation energy regulation in a photosynthetic antenna complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113(31):E4486–E4493. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603330113
Pakrasi HB, Riethman HC, Sherman LA (1985) Organization of pigment proteins in the photosystem II complex of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82(20):6903–6907. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.20.6903
Palenik B, Haselkorn R (1992) Multiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes, the chlorophyll b-containing prokaryotes. Nature 355(6357):265–267. https://doi.org/10.1038/355265a0
Pinevich A, Velichko N, Ivanikova N (2012) Cyanobacteria of the genus Prochlorothrix. Front Microbiol 3:173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00173
Qu YG, Zhou F, Kuang TY (2020) Spectroscopic study of the light-induced changes of the core antenna complex CP43 in photosystem II. Photosynthetica 58(4):1053–1058. https://doi.org/10.32615/ps.2020.062
Reinot T, Khmelnitskiy A, Zazubovich V, Toporik H, Mazor Y, Jankowiak R (2022) Frequency-domain spectroscopic study of the photosystem I supercomplexes, isolated IsiA monomers, and the intact IsiA ring. J Phys Chem B 126(36):6891–6910. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04829
Saer RG, Blankenship RE (2017) Light harvesting in phototrophic bacteria: structure and function. Biochem J 474(13):2107–2131. https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20160753
Sandström S, Park Y-I, Öquist G, Gustafsson P (2001) CP43′, the isiA gene product, functions as an excitation energy dissipator in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942¶. Photochem Photobiol 74(3):431–437. https://doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740431CTIGPF2.0.CO2
Shen L, Huang Z, Chang S, Wang W, Wang J, Kuang T, Han G, Shen J-R, Zhang X (2019) Structure of a C2S2M2N2-type PSII-LHCII supercomplex from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116(42):21246–21255. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912462116
Stanier RY, Kunisawa R, Mandel M, Cohen-Bazire G (1971) Purification and properties of unicellular blue-green algae (order Chroococcales). Bacteriol Rev 35(2):171–205. https://doi.org/10.1128/br.35.2.171-205.1971
Stanier RY, Sistrom WR, Hansen TA, Whitton BA, Castenholz RW, Pfennig N, Gorlenko VN, Kondratieva EN, Eimhjellen KE, Whittenbury R, Gherna RL, Trüper HG (1978) Proposal to place the nomenclature of the cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) under the rules of the international code of nomenclature of bacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol 28(2):335–336. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-28-2-335
Tomitani A, Knoll AH, Cavanaugh CM, Ohno T (2006) The evolutionary diversification of cyanobacteria: molecular–phylogenetic and paleontological perspectives. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(14):5442–5447. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600999103
Toporik H, Li J, Williams D, Chiu P-L, Mazor Y (2019) The structure of the stress-induced photosystem I-IsiA antenna supercomplex. Nat Struc Mol Biol 26(6):443–449. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-019-0228-8
van Dorssen RJ, Breton J, Plijter JJ, Satoh K, van Gorkom HJ, Amesz J (1987) Spectroscopic properties of the reaction center and of the 47 kDa chlorophyll protein of photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 893(2):267–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(87)90048-X
Wahadoszamen M, Daene S, Ara AM, Romero E, Dekker JP, van Grondelle R, Berera R (2015) Identification of common motifs in the regulation of light harvesting: the case of cyanobacteria IsiA. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1847(4–5):486–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.003
Yeremenko N, Kouřil R, Ihalainen JA, D’Haene S, Nv O, Andrizhiyevskaya EG, Keegstra W, Dekker HL, Hagemann M, Boekema EJ, Matthijs HCP, Dekker JP (2004) Supramolecular organization and dual function of the IsiA chlorophyll-binding protein in cyanobacteria. Biochemistry 43(32):10308–10313. https://doi.org/10.1021/BI048772L
Zhang Y, Chen M, Zhou BB, Jermiin LS, Larkum AWD (2007) Evolution of the inner light-harvesting antenna protein family of cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. J Mol Evol 64(3):321–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-006-0058-2
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge members of the Pakrasi lab for collegial discussions on this study.
Funding
SB was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Basic Energy Sciences, grant DE-FG02-99ER20350 to HBP. ML was supported by funding from the National Science Foundation (MCB 1933660) to HBP. DMN acknowledges the Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage at McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in Saint Louis for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: SB; Methodology: SB and DMN; Formal analysis and investigation: SB and DMN; Writing—original draft, review, and editing: SB, DMN, ML, and HBP; Funding acquisition: HBP; Supervision: HBP.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Biswas, S., Niedzwiedzki, D.M., Liberton, M. et al. Phylogenetic and spectroscopic insights on the evolution of core antenna proteins in cyanobacteria. Photosynth Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-023-01046-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-023-01046-6