Optimizing precision irrigation of a vineyard to improve water use efficiency and profitability by using a decision-oriented vine water consumption model

Table 3 Costs for conducting a precision irrigation (PI) management in the 100-ha vineyard by operating the developed system

Concept		Cost (€ 100 ha⁻¹)
Costs of obtaining NDVI map^a		2000
Cost image processing & location of ‘smart points’	7 h day⁻¹ × 1 day × 20 € h⁻¹	140
Purchase: pressure chamber^b	4500 €	450^c
Purchase: ceptometer AccuPAR-80	3600 €	360^d
Ψ_stem and f_IRd measurements	4 hours day⁻¹ × 15 days × 20 € h⁻¹	1200
Costs of gasoline	2 L day⁻¹ × 15 days × 1.33 € L⁻¹	40
Cost of the crop model: charge fees and maintenance^e	3 € ha⁻¹	300
Trained technician for running the model^f	2 h day⁻¹ × 15 days × 20 € h⁻¹	600
Total		5090

^aActual cost of acquiring an NDVI map of 100-ha with an airborne platform is 20 € ha^− 1 (price of the Spanish company Agropixel). However, currently satellite imagery (i.e. PlanetLab or Sentinel-2) offers the possibility to obtain NDVI maps at spatial resolutions of 3–10 m for 5 € ha^− 1 or through open-access
^bCost of the SF-Pres35 (similar to Scholander) (Solfranc Tecnologias, SL)
^c,dAmortization of the equipment was calculated on a 10-year basis
^eTentative price related to fees that a company or viticulturist would pay for using the model
^fIt has been taken into account that the average cost of an IRTA technician capable of conducting these functions is 20 € hour^− 1