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The PpLTP1 Primary Allergen Gene is Highly Conserved in Peach and Has Small Variations in Other Prunus Species

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Abstract

Peach lipid transfer protein (LTP1), Pru p 3.01, is a major allergen causing severe systemic reactions in peach allergic patients in Mediterranean countries and China. Significant expression variability has been reported among peach cultivars at both transcript and protein level. In this study, the allele diversity of the LTP1-encoding gene was assessed in a large set of peach cultivars by direct sequencing of the gene and its upstream region. Evolution of the LTP1-encoding genes in peach (Prunus persica) and three other Prunus species (Prunus kansuensis, Prunus mira, and Prunus davidiana) were also inferred. Sequence analysis revealed that LTP1-encoding genes are highly conserved among peach cultivars and wild peach. Three different allele sequences were obtained from 50 Prunus accessions on the basis of the upstream region of the LTP1-encoding gene and three allele specific markers were derived according to the polymorphic sites. These markers were used to test 316 peach cultivars, most of which clustered within the three main subpopulations of peach, ‘Yu Lu’, ‘Hakuho’ and landraces. The genotypic frequencies and allele frequencies in the oriental peach cultivars in these subpopulations except for ‘Yu Lu’ were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.05). The dominant alleles were upLTP1-a in the ‘Yu Lu’ subpopulation and upLTP1-c in the ‘Hakuho’ subpopulation, allele upLTP1-b and allele upLTP1-c had the highest rates in the landraces, and the dominant allele in the three peach wild relatives was allele upLTP1-b. Furthermore, we found many light-responsive elements in the upstream region. Most of the polymorphic sites in Prunus species are located in the intron region. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that Prunus kansuensis KC311794 and Prunus mira KC311791 are related more closely to Prunus persica KC311795 than to Prunus davidiana KC311792 and KC311793. The allele sequences we derived on the basis of this variability were distributed unevenly, indicating the need to study allergenicity in different subpopulations and the association between allele sequences and allergenicity.

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Abbreviations

ORF:

Open reading frame

LTP:

Lipid transfer protein

AS:

Allele-specific markers

SNAP:

Single nucleotide amplified polymorphisms

SPT:

Skin prick test

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (31272131 and 30971970), State Ministry of Science and Technology (2011AA100206 and 1114) and Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department (ZD2009007). We used the whole genome sequences of peach (peach genome v1.0) provided by the International Peach Genome Initiative (IPGI). Dr. Luud Gilissen is acknowledged for critical reading of this manuscript. We acknowledge Dr. Qi-kang Gao from the Bio-Macromolecules Analysis Lab, Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences of Zhejiang University for his assistance, and Dr. Qiao He and Ms. Jin Wang for providing some local peach materials.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticulture, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

    Ying-tao Ma, Xiang Zhou, Zhong-shan Gao, Xiong-wei Li, Hui-juan Jia, Hong-xia Wu & Rang-jin Xie

  2. Allergy Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

    Zhong-shan Gao

  3. Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China

    Zhi-qiang Wang & Ke Cao

  4. Horticultural Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhong-Lin Street 50, Nanjing, 210014, China

    Ming-liang Yu

  5. Pomology Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ke Yuan Road 1, Taigu, 030815, Shanxi, China

    Shuang-jian Chen

  6. The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China

    Ying-hui Li

  7. Department of Allergy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, People’s Republic of China

    Hui-ying Wang

  8. Department of Experimental Immunology and Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Ronald van Ree

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  1. Ying-tao Ma
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  2. Xiang Zhou
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  14. Ronald van Ree
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Correspondence to Zhong-shan Gao.

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Ma, Yt., Zhou, X., Gao, Zs. et al. The PpLTP1 Primary Allergen Gene is Highly Conserved in Peach and Has Small Variations in Other Prunus Species. Plant Mol Biol Rep 32, 652–663 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-013-0678-9

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