Abstract
Aims
Coastal salt marshes are productive ecosystems that are highly efficient carbon sinks, but there is uncertainty regarding the interactions among climate warming, plant species, and tidal restriction on C cycling.
Methods
Open-top chambers (OTCs) were deployed at two coastal wetlands in Yancheng, China, where native Phragmites australis (Phragmites) and invasive Spartina alterniflora (Spartina) were dominant, respectively. Two study locations were set up in each area based on difference in tidal action. The OTCs achieved an increase of average daytime air temperature of ~ 1.11–1.55 °C. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration (Reco), CH4 fluxes, aboveground biomass and other abiotic factors were monitored over three years.
Results
Warming reduced the magnitude of the radiative balance of native Phragmites, which was determined to still be a consistent C sink. In contrast, warming or tidal flooding presumably transform the Spartina into a weak C source, because either warming-induced high salinity reduced the magnitude of NEE by 19% or flooding increased CH4 emissions by 789%. Remarkably, native Phragmites affected by tidal restrictions appeared to be a consistent C source with the radiative balance of 7.11–9.64 kg CO2-eq m–2 yr–1 because of a reduction in the magnitude of NEE and increase of CH4 fluxes.
Conclusions
Tidal restrictions that disconnect the tidal hydrologic connection between the ocean and land may transform coastal wetlands from C sinks to C sources. This transformation may potentially be an even greater threat to coastal carbon sequestration than climate warming or invasive plant species in isolation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- OTCs:
-
Open-top chambers
- NEE:
-
Net ecosystem CO2 exchange
- R eco :
-
Ecosystem respiration
- C:
-
Carbon
- SGWP:
-
Sustained-flux global warming potential
- SGCP:
-
Sustained-flux global cooling potential
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse Gas
- GPP:
-
Gross primary production
- AGB:
-
Above ground biomass
- WTD:
-
Water table depth
- CROWNs:
-
Coastal-wetland Research On Warming Networks
- UGGA:
-
Ultra-Portable Greenhouse Gas Analyzer
- OMS:
-
Online monitoring systems
- TC:
-
Total C
- SOC:
-
Soil organic C
- TN:
-
Total nitrogen
- CI:
-
Confidence interval (95%)
- Fe:
-
Iron
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- Cu:
-
Copper
- CIA:
-
The chemical index of alteration
References
Abdul-Aziz O, Ishtiaq K, Tang J, Moseman-Valtierra S, Kroeger K, Gonneea M, Mora J, Morkeski K (2018) Environmental controls, emergent scaling, and predictions of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in coastal salt marshes. J Geophys Res: Biogeosci 123:2234–2256. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004556
Angst G, Mueller KE, Kögel-Knabner I, Freeman KH, Mueller CW (2017) Aggregation controls the stability of lignin and lipids in clay-sized particulate and mineral associated organic matter. Biogeochemistry 132:307–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0304-2
Barthod J, Dignac MF, Le Mer G, Bottinelli N, Watteau F, Kögel-Knabner I, Rumpel C (2020) How do earthworms affect organic matter decomposition in the presence of clay-sized minerals? Soil Biol Biochem 143:107730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107730
Bottollier-Curtet M, Planty-Tabacchi A-M, Tabacchi E (2013) Competition between young exotic invasive and native dominant plant species: implications for invasions within riparian areas. J Veg Sci 24:1033–1042. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12034
Bradley BA, Houghton RA, Mustard JF, Hamburg SP (2006) Invasive grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the western US. Glob Change Biol 12:1815–1822. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01232.x
Brix H (1999) Genetic diversity, ecophysiology and growth dynamics of reed (Phragmites australis). Aquat Bot 64:179–184
Brix H, Sorrell BK, Lorenzen B (2001) Are Phragmites-dominated wetlands a net source or net sink of greenhouse gases? Aquat Bot 69:313–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3770(01)00145-0
Capooci M, Barba J, Seyfferth AL, Vargas R (2019) Experimental influence of storm-surge salinity on soil greenhouse gas emissions from a tidal salt marsh. Sci Total Environ 686:1164–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.032
Chambers LG, Guevara R, Boyer JN, Troxler TG, Davis SE (2016) Effects of Salinity and Inundation on Microbial Community structure and function in a Mangrove Peat Soil. Wetlands 36:361–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0745-8
Chapman SK, Feller IC, Canas G, Hayes MA, Dix N, Hester M, Morris J, Langley JA (2021) Mangrove growth response to experimental warming is greatest near the range limit in northeast Florida. Ecology 102. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3320
Chapman SK, Hayes MA, Kelly B, Langley JA (2019) Exploring the oxygen sensitivity of wetland soil carbon mineralization. Biol Lett 15:20180407. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0407
Chen YP, Chen GC, Ye Y (2015) Coastal vegetation invasion increases greenhouse gas emission from wetland soils but also increases soil carbon accumulation. Sci Total Environ 526:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.077
Chen J, Wang Q, Li M, Liu F, Li W (2016) Does the different photosynthetic pathway of plants affect soil respiration in a subtropical wetland? Ecol Evol 6:8010–8017. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2523
Cheng X, Peng R, Chen J, Luo Y, Zhang Q, An S, Chen J, Li B (2007) CH4 and N2O emissions from Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis in experimental mesocosms. Chemosphere 68:420–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.004
Chivers MR, Turetsky MR, Waddington JM, Harden JW, McGuire AD (2009) Effects of Experimental Water table and temperature manipulations on Ecosystem CO2 fluxes in an alaskan Rich Fen. Ecosystems 12:1329–1342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-009-9292-y
Chmura GL, Anisfeld SC, Cahoon DR, Lynch JC (2003) Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 17:n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gb001917
Chu X, Han G, Xing Q, Xia J, Sun B, Li X, Yu J, Li D, Song W (2019) Changes in plant biomass induced by soil moisture variability drive interannual variation in the net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a reclaimed coastal wetland. Agric For Meteorol 264:138–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.09.013
Clevering OA, Lissner J (1999) Taxonomy, chromosome numbers, clonal diversity and population dynamics of Phragmites australis. Aquat Bot 64:185–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3770(99)00059-5
Davidson IC, Cott GM, Devaney JL, Simkanin C (2018) Differential effects of biological invasions on coastal blue carbon: a global review and meta-analysis. Glob Change Biol 24:5218–5230. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14426
Ding XR, Kang YY, Mao ZB, Sun YL, Li S, Gao X, Zhao XX (2014) Analysis of largest tidal range in rdial sand ridges southern Yellow Sea. Acta Oceanol Sinica(in Chinese) 36:12–20
Ding XG, Ye SY, Laws EA, Mozdzer TJ, Yuan HM, Zhao GM, Yang SX, He L, Wang J (2019) The concentration distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Bohai Bay, China. Mar Pollut Bull 149:110497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110497
Drexler JZ, Krauss KW, Sasser MC, Fuller CC, Swarzenski CM, Powell A, Swanson KM, Orlando J (2013) A long-term comparison of carbon sequestration rates in impounded and naturally tidal freshwater marshes along the lower Waccamaw river, South Carolina. Wetlands 33:965–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-013-0456-3
Duarte CM, Losada IJ, Hendriks IE, Mazarrasa I, Marbà N (2013) The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Nat Clim Change 3:961–968. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1970
Duarte CM, Middelburg JJ, Caraco N (2005) Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosciences 2:1–8. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-1-2005
Emery HE, Fulweiler RW (2017) Incomplete tidal restoration may lead to persistent high CH4 emission. Ecosphere 8:e01968. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1968
Fouche J, Keller C, Allard M, Ambrosi JP (2014) Increased CO2 fluxes under warming tests and soil solution chemistry in Histic and Turbic Cryosols, Salluit. Nunavik Can Soil Biol Biochem 68:185–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.007
Ge ZM, Guo HQ, Zhao B, Zhang LQ (2015) Plant invasion impacts on the gross and net primary production of the salt marsh on eastern coast of China: insights from leaf to ecosystem. J Geophys Res-Biogeosci 120:169–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jg002736
Ge ZM, Zhang LQ, Yuan L, Zhang C (2014) Effects of salinity on temperature-dependent photosynthetic parameters of a native C3 and a non-native C4 marsh grass in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Photosynthetica 52:484–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-014-0055-4
Gorai M, Ennajeh M, Khemira H, Neffati M (2010) Combined effect of NaCl-salinity and hypoxia on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute accumulation in Phragmites australis plants. Flora 205:462–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2009.12.021
Guo Q, Hu Z, Li S, Hao Y, Liang N, Bai W, Zhang S (2021) Nitrogen-induced changes in carbon fluxes are modulated by water availability in a temperate grassland. J Geophys Res: Biogeosci 126:e2021JG006607. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006607
Han G, Chu X, Xing Q, Li D, Yu J, Luo Y, Wang G, Mao P, Rafique R (2015) Effects of episodic flooding on the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a supratidal wetland in the Yellow River. Delta 120:1506–1520. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG002923
Hopple AM, Wilson RM, Kolton M, Zalman CA, Chanton JP, Kostka J, Hanson PJ, Keller JK, Bridgham SD (2020) Massive peatland carbon banks vulnerable to rising temperatures. Nat Commun 11:2373. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16311-8
Huang Y, Chen ZH, Tian B, Zhou C, Wang JT, Ge ZM, Tang JW (2020) Tidal effects on ecosystem CO2 exchange in a Phragmites salt marsh of an intertidal shoal. Agric For Meteorol 292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108108
Inglett KS, Inglett PW, Reddy KR, Osborne TZ (2012) Temperature sensitivity of greenhouse gas production in wetland soils of different vegetation. Biogeochemistry 108:77–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-011-9573-3
Jiang X, Xie L, Ye S, Zhou P, Pei L, Chen H, Yu J, Zhao L (2022) Response of photosynthetic characteristics of Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora to the simulated warming in Jiangsu coastal wetlands (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Ecologica Sinica 42:7760–7772. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb202106011444
Johnson CP, Pypker TG, Hribljan JA, Chimner RA (2013) Open Top Chambers and Infrared Lamps: a comparison of Heating Efficacy and CO2/CH4 Dynamics in a Northern Michigan Peatland. Ecosystems 16:736–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-013-9646-3
Kaur H, Kaur H, Kaur H, Srivastava S (2022) The beneficial roles of trace and ultratrace elements in plants. Plant Growth Regul. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00837-6
Kroeger KD, Crooks S, Moseman-Valtierra S, Tang J (2017) Restoring tides to reduce methane emissions in impounded wetlands: a new and potent Blue Carbon climate change intervention. Sci Rep 7:11914. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12138-4
Lehmann A, Veresoglou SD, Leifheit EF, Rillig MC (2014) Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on zinc nutrition in crop plants - a meta-analysis. Soil Biol Biochem 69:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.11.001
Li C (2016) Biogeochemistry scientific fundamentals and modeling approach (in chinese). Tsinghua university press, Beijing China
Li S-H, Ge Z-M, Xie L-N, Chen W, Yuan L, Wang D-Q, Li X-Z, Zhang L-Q (2018) Ecophysiological response of native and exotic salt marsh vegetation to waterlogging and salinity: implications for the effects of sea-level rise. Sci Rep 8:2441. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18721-z
Li Q, Gogo S, Leroy F, Guimbaud C, Laggoun-Défarge F (2021) Response of Peatland CO2 and CH4 fluxes to experimental warming and the Carbon Balance. 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.631368
Liao CZ, Luo YQ, Jiang LF, Zhou XH, Wu XW, Fang CM, Chen JK, Li B (2007) Invasion of spartina alterniflora enhanced ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks in the Yangtze Estuary. China Ecosyst 10:1351–1361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9103-2
Liu J-q, Wang W-q, Shen L-d, Yang Y-l, Xu J-b, Tian M-h, Liu X, Yang W-t, Jin J-h, Wu H-s (2022) Response of methanotrophic activity and community structure to plant invasion in China’s coastal wetlands. Geoderma 407:115569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115569
Liu J, Ye SY, Laws EA, Xue CT, Yuan HM, Ding XG, Zhao GM, Yang SX, He L, Wang J, Pei SF, Wang YB, Lu QY (2017) Sedimentary environment evolution and biogenic silica records over 33,000 years in the Liaohe delta, China. Limnol Oceanogr 62:474–489. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10435
Lo Iacono C, Mateo MA, Gracia E, Guasch L, Carbonell R, Serrano L, Serrano O, Danobeitia J (2008) Very high-resolution seismo-acoustic imaging of seagrass meadows (Mediterranean Sea): implications for carbon sink estimates. Geophys Res Lett 35:L18601. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034773
Lu QY, Pei LX, Ye SY, Laws EA, Brix H (2020) Negative feedback by vegetation on soil organic matter decomposition in a coastal wetland. Wetlands 40:2785–2797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-020-01350-0
Macreadie PI, Hughes AR, Kimbro DL (2013) Loss of ‘blue carbon’ from coastal salt marshes following habitat disturbance. PLoS ONE 8:e69244. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069244
Mahecha MD, Reichstein M, Carvalhais N, Lasslop G, Lange H, Seneviratne SI, Vargas R, Ammann C, Arain MA, Cescatti A, Janssens IA, Migliavacca M, Montagnani L, Richardson AD (2010) Global convergence in the temperature sensitivity of respiration at Ecosystem Level. Science 329:838–840. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189587
McKee KL, Cahoon DR, Feller IC (2007) Caribbean mangroves adjust to rising sea level through biotic controls on change in soil elevation. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16:545–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00317.x
McLennan SM (1993) Weathering and global denudation. J Geol 101:295–303. https://doi.org/10.1086/648222
Mueller P, Hager RN, Meschter JE, Mozdzer TJ, Langley JA, Jensen K, Megonigal JP (2016) Complex invader-ecosystem interactions and seasonality mediate the impact of non-native Phragmites on CH4 emissions. Biol Invasions 18:2635–2647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1093-6
Munir TM, Strack M (2014) Methane Flux Influenced by Experimental Water table drawdown and soil warming in a dry Boreal Continental Bog. Ecosystems 17:1271–1285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-014-9795-z
Nellemann C, Corcoran E, Duarte CM, Valdés L, DeYoung C, Fonseca LE, Grimsditch GD (2009) Blue carbon - a rapid response assessment. Environment. United Nations Environment Programme. GRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no
Nesbitt HW, Young GM (1982) Early proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 299:715–717. https://doi.org/10.1038/299715a0
Neubauer SC (2021) Global warming potential is not an ecosystem property. Ecosystems 24:2079–2089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-00631-x
Neubauer SC, Megonigal JP (2015) Moving beyond global warming potentials to quantify the climatic role of Ecosystems. Ecosystems 18:1000–1013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9879-4
Neubauer SC, Megonigal JP (2019) Moving beyond global warming potentials to quantify the climatic role of ecosystems (vol 18, pg 1000, 2015). Ecosystems 22:1931–1932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00422-5
Neubauer SC, Megonigal JP (2021) Biogeochemistry of wetland carbon preservation and flux. Wetland Carbon Environ Manag. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119639305.ch3
Noyce GL, Megonigal JP (2021) Biogeochemical and plant trait mechanisms drive enhanced methane emissions in response to whole-ecosystem warming. Biogeosciences 18:2449–2463. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2449-2021
Oberbauer SF, Tweedie CE, Welker JM, Fahnestock JT, Henry GHR, Webber PJ, Hollister RD, Walker MD, Kuchy A, Elmore E, Starr G (2007) Tundra CO2 fluxes in response to experimental warming across latitudinal and moisture gradients. Ecol Monogr 77:221–238. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0649
Olsson L, Ye S, Yu X, Wei M, Krauss KW, Brix H (2015) Factors influencing CO2 and CH4 emissions from coastal wetlands in the liaohe delta, Northeast China. Biogeosciences 12:4965–4977. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4965-2015
Pagter M, Bragato C, Malagoli M, Brix H (2009) Osmotic and ionic effects of NaCl and Na2SO4 salinity on phragmites australis. Aquat Bot 90:43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2008.05.005
Parida AK, Das AB (2005) Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 60:324–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.06.010
Pearson M, Penttila T, Harjunpaa L, Laiho R, Laine J, Sarjala T, Silvan K, Silvan N (2015) Effects of temperature rise and water-table-level drawdown on greenhouse gas fluxes of boreal sedge fens. Boreal Environ Res 20:489–505
Pierfelice KN, Lockaby BG, Krauss KW, Conner WH, Noe GB, Ricker MC (2017) Salinity influences on Aboveground and Belowground Net Primary Productivity in Tidal Wetlands. J Hydrol Eng 22. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001223
Poffenbarger HJ, Needelman BA, Megonigal JP (2011) Salinity influence on methane emissions from tidal marshes. Wetlands 31:831–842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-011-0197-0
Portnoy JW (1999) Salt marsh diking and restoration: biogeochemical implications of altered Wetland Hydrology. Environ Manage 24:111–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900219
Ravn NR, Michelsen A, Reboleira ASPS (2020) Decomposition of organic matter in caves. Front Ecol Evol 8:554651. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.554651
Rumpel C, Kögel-Knabner I (2011) Deep soil organic matter—a key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle. Plant Soil 338:143–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0391-5
Tan L-S, Ge Z-M, Li S-H, Li Y-L, Xie L-N, Tang J-W (2021) Reclamation-induced tidal restriction increases dissolved carbon and greenhouse gases diffusive fluxes in salt marsh creeks. Sci Total Environ 773:145684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145684
Thongbai P, Kozai T, Ohyama K (2010) CO2 and air circulation effects on photosynthesis and transpiration of tomato seedlings. Sci Hort 126:338–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.07.018
Tong C, Wang W-Q, Huang J-F, Gauci V, Zhang L-H, Zeng C-S (2012) Invasive alien plants increase CH4 emissions from a subtropical tidal estuarine wetland. Biogeochemistry 111:677–693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9712-5
Touchette BW, Steudler SE (2009) Climate change, drought, and wetland vegetation. In: E Nzewi, G Reddy, S Luster-Teasley, V Kabadi, S-Y Chang, K Schimmel, G Uzochukwu (eds) Proceedings of the 2007 National Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. Springer New York, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88483-7_32
USEPA-United States Environmental Protection Agency (2020) Tidal restriction synthesis review: an analysis of U.S. tidal restrictions and opportunities for their avoidance and removal. Washington D.C. Document No. EPA-842-R-20001
Volik O, Petrone RM, Quanz M, Macrae ML, Rooney R, Price JS (2020) Environmental controls on CO2 exchange along a salinity gradient in a saline boreal fen in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. Wetlands 40:1353–1366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-019-01257-5
Wang W, Sardans J, Wang C, Zeng C, Tong C, Chen G, Huang J, Pan H, Peguero G, Vallicrosa H, Peñuelas J (2019) The response of stocks of C, N, and P to plant invasion in the coastal wetlands of China. Glob Change Biol 25:733–743. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14491
Wei S, Han G, Chu X, Song W, He W, Xia J, Wu H (2020) Effect of tidal flooding on ecosystem CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a salt marsh in the Yellow River Delta. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 232:106512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106512
Xu X, Fu G, Zou X, Ge C, Zhao Y (2017) Diurnal variations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide fluxes from invasive Spartina alterniflora dominated coastal wetland in northern Jiangsu Province. Acta Oceanol Sin 36:105–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-017-1015-1
Xu X, Wei S, Chen H, Li B, Nie M (2022) Effects of Spartina invasion on the soil organic carbon content in salt marsh and mangrove ecosystems in China. J Appl Ecol 59:1937–1946. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14202
Xu XW, Zou XQ, Cao LG, Zhamangulova N, Zhao YF, Tang DH, Liu DW (2014) Seasonal and spatial dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions under various vegetation covers in a coastal saline wetland in southeast China. Ecol Eng 73:469–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.087
Yan N, Marschner P (2013) Response of soil respiration and microbial biomass to changing EC in saline soils. Soil Biol Biochem 65:322–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.008
Yang P, Lai DYF, Huang JF, Zhang LH, Tong C (2018) Temporal variations and temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration in three brackish marsh communities in the Min River Estuary, southeast China. Geoderma 327:138–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.05.005
Ye S, Laws EA, Yuknis N, Ding X, Yuan H, Zhao G, Wang J, Yu X, Pei S, DeLaune RD (2015) Carbon sequestration and soil accretion in coastal wetland communities of the yellow river delta and Liaohe Delta, China. Estuaries Coasts 38:1885–1897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-014-9927-x
Ye S, Krauss KW, Brix H, Wei M, Olsson L, Yu X, Ma X, Wang J, Yuan H, Zhao G, Ding X, Moss RF (2016) Inter- annual variability of area-scaled gaseous carbon emissions from wetland soils in the Liaohe Delta, China. PLoS One 11:e0160612. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160612
Ye SY, Xie LJ, He L (2021) Wetlands-the kidney of the Earth & a Boat of Life. China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.(CSPM), Bei Jing
Yu X, Ye S, Pei L, Xie L, Krauss K, Chapman S, Brix H (2023) Biophysical warming patterns of an open-top chamber and its short-term influence on a Phragmites wetland ecosystem in China. China Geol 1–17. https://doi.org/10.31035/cg2022064
Yu J, Zhou D, Han G, Guan B (2018) Biogeochemical processes of nutrient elements in Coastal Wetland of the Yellow River Delta. China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.(CSPM), Beijing China
Yuan J, Ding W, Liu D, Kang H, Freeman C, Xiang J, Lin Y (2015) Exotic Spartina alterniflora invasion alters ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of CH4 and N2O and carbon sequestration in a coastal salt marsh in China. Glob Change Biol 21:1567–1580. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12797
Zhang Y, Ding W, Cai Z, Valerie P, Han F (2010a) Response of methane emission to invasion of Spartina alterniflora and exogenous N deposition in the coastal salt marsh. Atmos Environ 44:4588–4594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.012
Zhang Y, Ding W, Luo J, Donnison A (2010b) Changes in soil organic carbon dynamics in an eastern chinese coastal wetland following invasion by a C4 plant Spartina alterniflora. Soil Biol Biochem 42:1712–1720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.06.006
Zhao ML, Han GX, Li JY, Song WM, Qu WD, Eller F, Wang JP, Jiang CS (2020) Responses of soil CO2 and CH4 emissions to changing water table level in a coastal wetland. J Clean Prod 269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122316
Zhao G, Ye S, Yuan H, Ding X, Wang J, Laws EA (2018) Surface sediment properties and heavy metal contamination assessment in river sediments of the Pearl River Delta, China. Mar Pollut Bull 136:300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.035
Zhou C, Zhao H, Sun Z, Zhou L, Fang C, Xiao Y, Deng Z, Zhi Y, Zhao Y, An S (2015) The invasion of spartina alterniflora alters carbon dynamics in China’s Yancheng natural reserve. CLEAN – Soil. Air Water 43:159–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201300839
Acknowledgements
This research was jointly funded by Laoshan Laboratory (LSKJ2022040003), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U22A20558), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2023MD060), the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFE0109600), the Foundation of the Yellow Sea Wetland Research Institute (20210108), and the China Geological Survey Program (DD20221775 & DD20189503). We would like to express our gratitude to the two reviewers for their constructive comments on the revisions. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Funding
This research was jointly funded by Laoshan Laboratory (LSKJ2022040003), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U22A20558), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2023MD060), the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFE0109600), the Foundation of the Yellow Sea Wetland Research Institute (20210108), and the China Geological Survey Program (DD20221775 & DD20189503).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualisation: Siyuan Ye, Ken W Krauss, Samantha K. Chapman, Shucheng Xie; Methodology: Siyuan Ye, Ken W Krauss, Pan Zhou, Liujuan Xie, Lixin Pei; Investigation: Pan Zhou, Liujuan Xie, Lixin Pei, Hongming Yuan, Shixiong Yang, Xigui Ding; Resources: Siyuan Ye; Formal Analysis: Pan Zhou, Siyuan Ye, Edward A. Laws; Writing – Original Draft Preparation: Pan Zhou; Writing – Review & Editing: all.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zucong Cai.
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOCX 1.26 MB)
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, P., Ye, S., Xie, L. et al. Tidal restriction likely has greater impact on the carbon sink of coastal wetland than climate warming and invasive plant. Plant Soil 492, 135–156 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06160-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06160-x