Abstract
Aims
Organic fertilizer addition plays a significant role for soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. The interaction between bacteria and clay minerals for the mechanism of SOC storage with organic fertilization was investigated in saline-alkaline paddy soil.
Methods
A 9-year field experiment was arranged, which included: (a) CK, without fertilizer addition, (b) NPK, mineral N, P and K fertilizer addition, (c) NPKC1, and (d) NPKC2, mineral N, P and K fertilizer plus 450 and 900 kg C ha−1, respectively.
Results
In comparison to only mineral fertilization, the content of humic acid-C and humin-C was significantly increased by 58.8%–70.6% and 46.9–53.1% with organic fertilizer addition, respectively. The 2:1 type clay minerals (vermiculite and illite) were also increased, which were positively correlated with SOC storage due to the formation of clay minerals-humus complexes. Meanwhile, the abundance of Geobacter and Anaeromyxobacter was increased with organic fertilization, which accelerated the transformation of clay minerals by promoting Fe reduction, and then increased SOC storage. While, compared with NPKC1 treatment, more Gammaproteobacteria and Anaerolineae, involved in the decomposition of SOC, were found in NPKC2 treatment. Relative to NPK treatment, SOC storage of NPKC1 and NPKC2 treatments increased by 23.3% and 29.8%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two treatments.
Conclusions
Therefore, appropriate addition of organic fertilizer is a better fertilization practice to promote stability and storage of SOC, which provided an important contribution to elucidate the role of mineral-microbial interactions for storage of SOC in saline-alkaline paddy soil.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmat AM, Boussafir M, Le Milbeau C, Guegan R, Valdes J, Guinez M, Sifeddine A, Le Forestier L (2016) Organic matter-clay interaction along a seawater column of the eastern Pacific upwelling system (Antofagasta bay, Chile): implications for source rock organic matter preservation. Mar Chem 179:23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.01.003
Andrade GRP, Cuadros J, Partiti CSM, Cohen R, Vidal-Torrado P (2018) Sequential mineral transformation from kaolinite to Fe-illite in two Brazilian mangrove soils. Geoderma 309:84–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.08.042
Arnarson TS, Keil RG (2001) Organic–mineral interactions in marine sediments studied using density fractionation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Org Geochem 32:1401–1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00114-0
Barre P, Fernandez-Ugalde O, Virto I, Velde B, Chenu C (2014) Impact of phyllosilicate mineralogy on organic carbon stabilization in soils: incomplete knowledge and exciting prospects. Geoderma 235:382–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.07.029
Basile-Doelsch I, Amundson R, Stone WEE, Masiello CA, Bottero JY, Colin F, Masin F, Borschneck D, Meunier JD (2005) Mineralogical control of organic carbon dynamics in a volcanic ash soil on La Reunion. Eur J Soil Sci 56:689–703. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00703.x
Bernier MH, Levy GJ, Fine P, Borisover M (2013) Organic matter composition in soils irrigated with treated wastewater: FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of bulk soil samples. Geoderma 209:233–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.06.017
Bhargava G, Gouzman I, Chun CM, Ramanarayanan TA, Bernasek SL (2007) Characterization of the “native” surface thin film on pure polycrystalline iron: a high resolution XPS and TEM study. Appl Surf Sci 253(9):4322–4329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.09.047
Botula YD, Nemes A, Van Ranst E, Mafuka P, De Pue J, Cornelis WM (2015) Hierarchical Pedotransfer functions to predict bulk density of highly weathered soils in Central Africa. Soil Sci Soc Am J 79:476–486. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.06.0238
Bu HL, Yuan P, Liu HM, Liu D, Liu JZ, He HP, Zhou JM, Song HZ, Li ZH (2017) Effects of complexation between organic matter (OM) and clay mineral on OM pyrolysis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 212:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.04.045
Chen SL, Hong HL, Huang XY, Fang Q, Yin K, Wang CW, Zhang YM, Cheng LL, Algeo TJ (2018) The role of organo-clay associations in limiting organic matter decay: insights from the Dajiuhu peat soil, Central China. Geoderma 320:149–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.01.013
Chen S, Yan ZJ, Zhang S, Fan BQ, Cade-Menun BJ, Chen Q (2019) Nitrogen application favors soil organic phosphorus accumulation in calcareous vegetable fields. Biol Fertil Soils 55:481–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-019-01364-9
Chen MM, Zhang SR, Liu L, Wu LP, Ding XD (2021a) Combined organic amendments and mineral fertilizer application increase rice yield by improving soil structure, P availability and root growth in saline-alkaline soil. Soil Tillage Res 212:105060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105060
Chen MM, Zhang SR, Wu LP, Fei C, Ding XD (2021b) Organic fertilization improves the availability and adsorptive capacity of phosphorus in saline-alkaline soils. J Soil Sci Plant Nut 21:487–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00377-w
Chen X, Hu Y, Xia Y, Zheng S, Ma C, Rui Y, He H, Huang D, Zhang Z, Ge T, Wu J, Guggenberger G, Kuzyakov Y, Su Y (2021c) Contrasting pathways of carbon sequestration in paddy and upland soils. Glob Chang Biol 27:2478–2490. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15595
Chen M, Wang X, Ding X, Liu L, Wu L, Zhang SJAoA (2022a) Effects of organic fertilization on phosphorus availability and crop growth: evidence from a 7-year fertilization experiment. Arch Agron Soil Sci: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2022.2137499
Chen M, Zhang S, Liu L, Chang B, Li Y, Ding X (2022b) Organo-mineral complexes in soil colloids from an eight-year field experiment: implications for carbon storage in saline-alkaline paddy soil. Pedosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedsph.2022.11.007
Chen MM, Zhang SR, Liu L, Liu JG, Ding XD (2022c) Organic fertilization increased soil organic carbon stability and sequestration by improving aggregate stability and iron oxide transformation in saline-alkaline soil. Plant Soil 474:233–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05326-3
Chen M, Zhang S, Liu L, Ding X (2023) Influence of organic fertilization on clay mineral transformation and soil phosphorous retention: evidence from an 8-year fertilization experiment. Soil Tillage Res 230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2023.105702
Chotzen RA, Polubesova T, Chefetz B, Mishael YG (2016) ADSORPTION OF SOIL-DERIVED HUMIC ACID BY SEVEN CLAY MINERALS: A SYSTEMATIC STUDY. Clay Clay Miner 64:628–638. https://doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.2016.064027
Cygan RT, Tazaki K (2014) Interactions of kaolin minerals in the environment. Elements 10:195–200. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.10.3.195
Das R, Purakayastha TJ, Das D, Ahmed N, Kumar R, Biswas S, Walia SS, Singh R, Shukla VK, Yadava MS, Ravisankar N, Datta SC (2019) Long-term fertilization and manuring with different organics alter stability of carbon in colloidal organo-mineral fraction in soils of varying clay mineralogy. Sci Total Environ 684:682–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.327
Dou S, Shan J, Song XY, Cao R, Wu M, Li CL, Guan S (2020) Are humic substances soil microbial residues or unique synthesized compounds? A perspective on their distinctiveness. Pedosphere 30:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(20)60001-7
Fei C, Zhang SR, Li JL, Liang B, Ding XD (2021) Partial substitution of rice husks for manure in greenhouse vegetable fields: insight from soil carbon stock and aggregate stability. Land Degrad Dev 32:3962–3972. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4021
Feng XH, Qin SQ, Zhang DY, Chen PD, Hu J, Wang GQ, Liu Y, Wei B, Li QL, Yang YH, Chen LY (2022) Nitrogen input enhances microbial carbon use efficiency by altering plant-microbe-mineral interactions. Glob Chang Biol 28:4845–4860. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16229
Finley BK, Mau RL, Hayer M, Stone BW, Morrissey EM, Koch BJ, Rasmussen C, Dijkstra P, Schwartz E, Hungate BA (2021) Soil minerals affect taxon-specific bacterial growth. ISME J 16:1318–1326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01162-y
Ge TD, Yuan HZ, Zhu HH, Wu XH, Nie SA, Liu C, Tong CL, Wu JS, Brookes P (2012) Biological carbon assimilation and dynamics in a flooded rice - soil system. Soil Biol Biochem 48:39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.01.009
Georgiou K, Jackson RB, Vinduskova O, Abramoff RZ, Ahlstrom A, Feng WT, Harden JW, Pellegrini AFA, Polley HW, Soong JL, Riley WJ, Torn MS (2022) Global stocks and capacity of mineral-associated soil organic carbon. Nat Commun 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31540-9
Gimbert LJ, Haygarth PM, Beckett R, Worsfold PJJEs, technology (2005) Comparison of centrifugation and filtration techniques for the size fractionation of colloidal material in soil suspensions using sedimentation field-flow fractionation. Environ Sci Technol 39:1731–1735. https://doi.org/10.1021/es049230u
Graat PC, Somers MA (1996) Simultaneous determination of composition and thickness of thin iron-oxide films from XPS Fe 2p spectra. Appl Surf Sci 100:36–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(96)00252-8
Guo ZC, Zhang JB, Fan J, Yang XY, Yi YL, Han XR, Wang DZ, Zhu P, Peng XH (2019) Does animal manure application improve soil aggregation? Insights from nine long-term fertilization experiments. Sci Total Environ 660:1029–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.051
Hao XX, Han XZ, Wang SY, Li LJ (2022) Dynamics and composition of soil organic carbon in response to 15 years of straw return in a Mollisol. Soil Tillage Res 215:105221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105221
Huang XL, Tang HY, Kang WJ, Yu GH, Ran W, Hong JP, Shen QR (2018) Redox interface-associated organo-mineral interactions: a mechanism for C sequestration under a rice-wheat cropping system. Soil Biol Biochem 120:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.01.031
Jackson MJPbta, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc (1974) Soil chemical analysis–Advanced Course, 2ndedn
Jaremko D, Kalembasa D (2014) A comparison of methods for the determination of cation exchange capacity of soils. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S-Chemia I Inzynieria Ekologiczna S 21:487–498. https://doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0036
Kandeler E, Gebala A, Boeddinghaus RS, Muller K, Rennert T, Soares M, Rousk J, Marhan S (2019) The mineralosphere - succession and physiology of bacteria and fungi colonising pristine minerals in grassland soils under different land-use intensities. Soil Biol Biochem 136:107534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107534
Kleber M, Eusterhues K, Keiluweit M, Mikutta C, Mikutta R, Nico PS (2015) Mineral-organic associations: formation, properties, and relevance in soil environments. In: Sparks DL (ed) Advances in agronomy, vol 130. Elsevier Academic Press Inc, San Diego
Li JY, Zhang QC, Li Y, Liu YM, Xu JM, Di HJ (2017) Effects of long-term mowing on the fractions and chemical composition of soil organic matter in a semiarid grassland. Biogeosciences 14:2685–2696. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2685-2017
Li GL, Zhou CH, Fiore S, Yu WH (2019) Interactions between microorganisms and clay minerals: new insights and broader applications. Appl Clay Sci 177:91–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.04.025
Li QJ, Zhang DQ, Song ZX, Ren LR, Jin X, Fang WS, Yan DD, Li Y, Wang QX, Cao AC (2022) Organic fertilizer activates soil beneficial microorganisms to promote strawberry growth and soil health after fumigation. Environ Pollut 295:118653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118653
Liang YT, Jiang YJ, Wang F, Wen CQ, Deng Y, Xue K, Qin YJ, Yang YF, Wu LY, Zhou JZ, Sun B (2015) Long-term soil transplant simulating climate change with latitude significantly alters microbial temporal turnover. ISME J 9:2561–2572. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.78
Liang C, Schimel JP, Jastrow JD (2017) The importance of anabolism in microbial control over soil carbon storage. Nat Microbiol 2:17105. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.105
Lipczynska-Kochany E (2018) Humic substances, their microbial interactions and effects on biological transformations of organic pollutants in water and soil: a review. Chemosphere 202:420–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.104
Liu DM, Zhang SR, Fei C, Ding XD (2021) Impacts of straw returning and N application on NH4+-N loss, microbially reducible Fe(III) and bacterial community composition in saline-alkaline paddy soils. Appl Soil Ecol 168:104115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.104115
Liu L, Zhang SR, Chen MM, Cui DJ, Ding XD (2022a) Organic amendment increases wheat yield by improving soil N transformations and reducing N loss in North China plain. Arch Agron Soil Sci 68:1974–1987. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2021.1946682
Liu L, Zhang SR, Chen MM, Fei C, Zhang WJ, Li YY, Ding XD (2022b) Fe-modified biochar combined with mineral fertilization promotes soil organic phosphorus mineralization by shifting the diversity of phoD-harboring bacteria within soil aggregates in saline-alkaline paddy soil. J Soils Sediments 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03335-4
Mortland M (1970) Clay-organic complexes and interactions. Adv Agron 22:75–117
Peng X, Yan X, Zhou H, Zhang YZ, Sun H (2015) Assessing the contributions of sesquioxides and soil organic matter to aggregation in an Ultisol under long-term fertilization. Soil Tillage Res 146:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.04.003
Qiao JT, Li XM, Li FB, Liu TX, Young LY, Huang WL, Sun K, Tong H, Hu M (2019) Humic substances facilitate arsenic reduction and release in flooded Paddy soil. Environ Sci Technol 53:5034–5042. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06333
Schimel JP, Schaeffer SM (2012) Microbial control over carbon cycling in soil. Front Microbiol 3:348. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00348
Schmidt MW, Torn MS, Abiven S, Dittmar T, Guggenberger G, Janssens IA, Kleber M, Kögel-Knabner I, Lehmann J, Manning DAJN (2011) Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature 478:49–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10386
Senesi N, Plaza C, Brunetti G, Polo A (2007) A comparative survey of recent results on humic-like fractions in organic amendments and effects on native soil humic substances. Soil Biol Biochem 39:1244–1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.12.002
Setia R, Gottschalk P, Smith P, Marschner P, Baldock J, Setia D, Smith J (2013) Soil salinity decreases global soil organic carbon stocks. Sci Total Environ 465:267–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.028
Singh M, Sarkar B, Sarkar S, Churchman J, Bolan N, Mandal S, Menon M, Purakayastha TJ, Beerling DJ (2018) Stabilization of soil organic carbon as influenced by clay mineralogy. In D. L. Sparks (Ed.), Adv Agron 148:33–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2017.11.001
Sulman BN, Phillips RP, Oishi AC, Shevliakova E, Pacala SW (2014) Microbe-driven turnover offsets mineral-mediated storage of soil carbon under elevated CO2. Nature Clim Change 4:1099–1102. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2436
Tang YF, Luo LM, Carswell A, Misselbrook T, Shen JH, Han JG (2021) Changes in soil organic carbon status and microbial community structure following biogas slurry application in a wheat-rice rotation. Sci Total Environ 757:143786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143786
Tao L, Wen X, Li H, Huang C, Jiang Y, Liu D, Sun B (2021) Influence of manure fertilization on soil phosphorous retention and clay mineral transformation: evidence from a 16-year long-term fertilization experiment. Appl Clay Sci 204:106021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2021.106021
Taylor GR, Day M, Meredith K (2012) Soil degradation due to the destruction of crystalline kaolinite and the formation of X-ray amorphous clays accompanying ephemeral saline groundwater discharge. Aust J Earth Sci 59:135–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2012.621980
Tosca NJ, Johnston DT, Mushegian A, Rothman DH, Summons RE, Knoll AH (2010) Clay mineralogy, organic carbon burial, and redox evolution in Proterozoic oceans. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74:1579–1592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.12.001
Uroz S, Kelly LC, Turpault MP, Lepleux C, Frey-Klett P (2015) The Mineralosphere concept: mineralogical control of the distribution and function of mineral-associatec bacterial communities. Trends Microbiol 23:751–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2015.10.004
Vilhena MDPSP, Da Costa ML, Berrêdo JF (2010) Continental and marine contributions to formation of mangrove sediments in an eastern Amazonian mudplain: the case of the Marapanim estuary. J S Am Earth Sci 29:427–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2009.07.005
Vonk JE, Van Dongen BE, Gustafsson Ö (2010) Selective preservation of old organic carbon fluvially released from sub-Arctic soils. Geophys Res Lett 37. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042909
Walter C, Angers DA, Saby NPA, Arrouays D (2011) Estimating and mapping the carbon saturation deficit of French agricultural topsoils. Soil Use Manag 27:448–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2011.00366.x
Wan W, Li X, Han S, Wang L, Luo X, Chen W, Huang Q (2020) Soil aggregate fractionation and phosphorus fraction driven by long-term fertilization regimes affect the abundance and composition of P-cycling-related bacteria. Soil Tillage Res 196:104475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104475
Wang ZR, Zhao GX, Gao MX, Chang CY (2017) Spatial variability of soil salinity in coastal saline soil at different scales in the Yellow River Delta. China Environ Monit Assess 189:80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5777-x
Wang XY, Li W, Xiao YT, Cheng AQ, Shen TM, Zhu M, Yu LJ (2021) Abundance and diversity of carbon-fixing bacterial communities in karst wetland soil ecosystems. CATENA 204:105418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105418
Wei L, Ge TD, Zhu ZK, Luo Y, Yang YH, Xiao ML, Yan ZF, Li YH, Wu JS, Kuzyakov Y (2021) Comparing carbon and nitrogen stocks in paddy and upland soils: accumulation, stabilization mechanisms, and environmental drivers. Geoderma 398:115121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115121
Wen Y, Liu W, Deng W, He X, Yu G (2019) Impact of agricultural fertilization practices on organo-mineral associations in four long-term field experiments: implications for soil C sequestration. Sci Total Environ 651:591–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.233
Wilson MJ, Wilson L, Patey I (2018) The influence of individual clay minerals on formation damage of reservoir sandstones: a critical review with some new insights. Clay Miner 49:147–164. https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2014.049.2.02
Wu LP, Wang YD, Zhang SR, Wei WL, Kuzyakov Y, Ding XD (2021) Fertilization effects on microbial community composition and aggregate formation in saline-alkaline soil. Plant Soil 463:523–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04909-w
Xiao J, He XH, Hao JL, Zhou Y, Zheng LR, Ran W, Shen QR, Yu GH (2016) New strategies for submicron characterization the carbon binding of reactive minerals in long-term contrasting fertilized soils: implications for soil carbon storage. Biogeosciences 13:3607–3618. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3607-2016
Xu HY, Sun YK, Li JX, Li FM, Guan XH (2016) Aging of Zerovalent Iron in synthetic groundwater: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling characterization and Depassivation with uniform magnetic field. Environ Sci Technol 50:8214–8222. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01763
Xue B, Huang L, Huang YN, Kubar KA, Li XK, Lu JW (2020) Straw management influences the stabilization of organic carbon by Fe (oxyhydr)oxides in soil aggregates. Geoderma 358:113987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.113987
Xue B, Huang L, Li X, Lu J, Gao R, Kamran M, Fahad S (2022) Effect of clay mineralogy and soil organic carbon in aggregates under straw incorporation. Agronomy 12:534. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020534
Yamashita T, Hayes P (2008) Analysis of XPS spectra of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in oxide materials. Appl Surf Sci 254:2441–2449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.09.063
Yu G, Xiao J, Hu S, Polizzotto ML, Zhao F, McGrath SP, Li H, Ran W, Shen Q (2017) Mineral availability as a key regulator of soil carbon storage. Environ Sci Technol 51:4960–4969. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00305
Zama EF, Reid BJ, Sun GX, Yuan HY, Li XM, Zhu YG (2018) Silicon (Si) biochar for the mitigation of arsenic (as) bioaccumulation in spinach (Spinacia oleracean) and improvement in the plant growth. J Clean Prod 189:386–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.056
Zhang ZY, Huang L, Liu F, Wang MK, Ndzana GM, Liu ZJ (2018) Transformation of clay minerals in nanoparticles of several zonal soils in China. J Soils Sediments 19:211–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2013-4
Zhang J, Wei Y, Liu J, Yuan J, Liang Y, Ren J, Cai H (2019) Effects of maize straw and its biochar application on organic and humic carbon in water-stable aggregates of a Mollisol in Northeast China: a five-year field experiment. Soil Tillage Res 190:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.02.014
Zhang KJ, Wang XJ, Wu LP, Lu TP, Guo Y, Ding XD (2021) Impacts of salinity on the stability of soil organic carbon in the croplands of the Yellow River Delta. Land Degrad Dev 32:1873–1882. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3840
Zhou CH, Zhao LZ, Wang AQ, Chen TH, He HP (2016) Current fundamental and applied research into clay minerals in China. Appl Clay Sci 119:3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.07.043
Zhou X, Liu D, Bu H, Deng L, Liu H, Yuan P, Du P, Song H (2018) XRD-based quantitative analysis of clay minerals using reference intensity ratios, mineral intensity factors, Rietveld, and full pattern summation methods: a critical review. Solid Earth Sciences 3:16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sesci.2017.12.002
Acknowledgements
We thank the foundation of National Key Research and Development Project (2021YFD190090106), the project of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation (CAAS-ZDRW202201), Shandong Province Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System (SDAIT-17-05) and Shandong Province Natural Science Fund (ZR2020MC154).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: Mengmeng Chen, Xiaodong Ding, Yuyi Li.
Data curation: Mengmeng Chen, Xiaodong Ding.
Formal analysis: Mengmeng Chen, Xiaodong Ding.
Funding acquisition: Xiaodong Ding, Yuyi, Li, Shirong Zhang.
Investigation: Mengmeng Chen, Shirong Zhang, Lu Liu.
Methodology: Mengmeng Chen, Xiaodong Ding, Yuling Zhang.
Software: Mengmeng Chen, Yuling Zhang.
Writing original draft: Mengmeng Chen, Yuling Zhang, Xiaodong Ding, Shirong Zhang.
Writing review & editing: Mengmeng Chen, Shirong Zhang, Lu Liu, Xiaodong Ding, Yuyi Li, Chunwei Gao.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
There are no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zucong Cai.
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, M., Zhang, Y., Gao, C. et al. Mineral-microbial interactions in nine-year organic fertilization field experiment: a mechanism for carbon storage in saline-alkaline paddy soil. Plant Soil 489, 465–481 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06032-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06032-4