Abstract
Aims
N2O emitted by agricultural ecosystems has a great impact on global warming and climate change. The use of controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) can decrease greenhouse gas emissions. However, the general patterns and variability of nitrogen functional genes in response to CRF associated with N2O emission have not been synthesized under climate change.
Methods
We investigated the effects of CRF, elevated CO2 concentration (EC), elevated temperature (ET), and their combination on N2O emission, enzyme activities and gene abundances.
Results
We found that the cumulative N2O emissions was in the range of 0.39–1.65 kg·ha−1 in the wheat-growing season, accounting for 0.54%–2.29% of the total nitrogen input. N2O emissions were considerably positively correlated with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) at elongation stage. CRF inputs significantly decreased N2O emissions by 29 − 66% compared with urea due to decreased AOB abundance and inhibited nitrite reductase activities at elongation stage. EC significantly decreased N2O emissions by 30 − 50% likely resulting from the inhibition in nitrifying and denitrifying community compared with ambient CO2 concentration. ET significantly increased N2O emissions by increasing N mineralization in wheat soil under CRF due to higher NH4+-N and NO3−-N concentration in wheat soil at elongation stage. In addition, ECET had antagonistic effect on N2O emissions. CRF had no significant effect on wheat yield under climate change scenarios.
Conclusions
CRF decreased the cumulative N2O emissions under climate change scenarios. This is critical for understanding the responses of N2O emissions from wheat soil under CRF to future CO2 enrichment and warming for the establishment of mitigation and adaptation policies.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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This project was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971773), the State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University (No. 202105D121008-3- 7) and the Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province (20210041).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Qi Liu, Yajing Liu, and Xingyu Hao. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Qi Liu and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Liu, Q., Liu, Y., Hao, X. et al. Effects of controlled-release fertilizer on N2O emissions in wheat under elevated CO2 concentration and temperature. Plant Soil 488, 343–361 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-05972-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-05972-1