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The responses of soil bacterial and archaeal communities to coastal embankments in three typical salt marshes of Eastern China

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Abstract

Aims

Although the influences of coastal embankments on soil physicochemical properties and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling have been widely reported, the mechanisms of their effects on soil microbial ecologies remain poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the variations in the diversity and composition of soil bacterial and archaeal communities between natural and embanked saltmarshes, as well as the determinants that drive these variations.

Methods

16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was performed to assess the impacts of coastal embankments on the bacterial and archaeal communities of native Suaeda salsa, Phragmites australis, and invasive Spartina alterniflora saltmarshes on the east coast of China.

Results

Embankments were found to significantly decrease the microbial diversity of S. alterniflora salt marsh, while increased the OTU richness of P. australis salt marsh. Embankments modified the compositions of soil bacterial and archaeal communities in both S. alterniflora and P. australis salt marshes. However, variations in the microbial diversity, richness, and community compositions between the native and embanked S. salsa salt marshes were insignificant.

Conclusions

These results were possibly because the embankment significantly altered soil nutrient substrate levels (e.g., soil organic C and N) by variations in plant residues and soil physiochemical properties in S. alterniflora and P. australis saltmarshes, whereas the embankment had no observable changes in the soil nutrient substrate and plant residue in S. salsa saltmarsh. This study also elucidated the effects of coastal embankments on biogeochemical cycles, and highlighted their potential hazards to ecosystems.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

ANOVA :

Analysis of variance

ANOSIM :

Analysis of similarities

C :

Carbon

C/N :

Carbon: Nitrogen ratio

DNA :

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EPA :

Embanked Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

ESA :

Embanked Spartina alterniflora Loisel.

ESS :

Embanked Suaeda salsa (Linn.) Pall.

LDA :

Linear discriminant analysis

LEfSe :

Linear discriminant analysis effect size

N :

Nitrogen

NMDS :

Nonmetric multidimensional scaling

OTUs :

Operational taxonomic units

PCoA :

Principal coordinates analysis

PSB :

Photosynthetic bacteria

QIIME :

Quantitative insights into microbial ecology

qPCR :

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction

RDA:

Redundancy analysis

RMSEA:

Root-mean-square error of approximation

RNA :

Ribonucleic acid

SEM :

Structural equation modelling

SLOC:

Soil labile organic carbon

SLON :

Soil labile organic nitrogen

SOC :

Soil organic carbon

SON :

Soil organic nitrogen

SROC :

Soil recalcitrant organic carbon

SRON :

Soil recalcitrant organic nitrogen

UPA :

Unembanked Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

USA :

Unembanked Spartina alterniflora Loisel.

USS :

Unembanked Suaeda salsa (Linn.) Pall.

WSOC :

Water-soluble organic carbon

WSON :

Water-soluble organic nitrogen

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National 973 Key Project of Basic Science Research (grant No. 2013CB430405), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 31600427; 32071632). We would like to thank Hui Zhao for assistance with the fieldwork, and all of the members of the Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve and Yancheng National Nature Reserve for supporting this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Rd., Qixia Dist., Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

    Hongyu Feng, Yajun Qiao, Lu Xia, Nasreen Jeelani & Shuqing An

  2. Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu, Changshu, 210051, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

    Hongyu Feng, Yajun Qiao, Lu Xia, Nasreen Jeelani & Shuqing An

  3. College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang’an St., Chang’an Dist., Xi’an, 710119, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Wen Yang

  4. Yancheng Wetland Natural Reserve for Rare Birds, Yancheng, 224057, People’s Republic of China

    Yongqiang Zhao

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  1. Hongyu Feng
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  2. Yajun Qiao
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  3. Lu Xia
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  4. Wen Yang
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  5. Yongqiang Zhao
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  6. Nasreen Jeelani
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  7. Shuqing An
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Contributions

Hongyu Feng: Conceptualization, Software, Formal analysis, Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft. Yajun Qiao: Methodology, Investigation. Lu Xia: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Visualization. Wen Yang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing, Project administration, Funding acquisition. Yongqiang Zhao: Resources, Investigation. Nasreen Jeelani: Writing – Review & Editing. Shuqing An: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing, Project administration, Funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Lu Xia or Wen Yang.

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Feng, H., Qiao, Y., Xia, L. et al. The responses of soil bacterial and archaeal communities to coastal embankments in three typical salt marshes of Eastern China. Plant Soil 477, 439–459 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05423-3

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