Abstract
Purpose
For the agroecological transition, the rhizosphere is a critical interface for plants to acquire resources and to enhance plant health with limited inputs. In the present study, we developed a new indicator to estimate and monitor the intensity of plant-soil-microbiota interactions under field conditions.
Methods
A Rhizosphere Effect Indicator (REI) was calculated by comparing individual and aggregated variables of bulk soil to those of the rhizosphere (i.e. soil enzyme activities and nutrient fluxes) every 2 weeks in the fields of three farms along a crop-diversification gradient. The diversity and structure of microbial communities in bulk soil and the rhizosphere in each field were assessed at flowering.
Results
The REI revealed statistically distinct dynamics and intensities of rhizosphere functioning among the three farms. Soil enzyme activities contributed more to the rhizosphere effect than nitrate and phosphate fluxes. Molecular analysis distinguished the two soil compartments and all crop-diversification levels. An integrated REI that provided a single value monitored the rhizosphere effect reliably.
Conclusion
Methodological limits due to sampling of the rhizosphere under field conditions must be overcome to develop the REI, but the REI can serve as a complementary tool to traditional soil analysis for agroecological cropping system design and evaluation.
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Data availability
The biomolecular datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available in the European Nucleotide Archive database system under the project number PRJEB49055. The other datasets analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- ARA:
-
arylamidase
- ASV:
-
amplicon sequence variant
- GLU:
-
β-glucosidase
- PAC:
-
acid phosphatase
- PAK:
-
alkaline phosphatase
- PCA:
-
principal component analysis
- REI:
-
Rhizosphere Effect Indicator
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Acknowledgements
The authors warmly thank the volunteer farmers in northwestern France and the technical staff of UMR SAS and UMR IGEPP. This project was supported by the Chaire Agriculture Ecologiquement Intensive. The authors warmly thank Guillaume Gasc, Bertrand Pinel and Lucie Viel for their help in contacting farmers. We also thank both reviewers for their comments, which helped us to improve the article.
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The research was supported by the Chaire Agroécologiquement Intensive, a public-private consortium of agricultural companies, agronomy schools and an agro-environmental research institute, INRAE.
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Sebastian Mira and Edith Le Cadre designed the experiment, performed sampling and analysis and wrote the article. Mathieu Emily designed the mathematical REI and statistical analysis and wrote the article. Christophe Mougel designed the experiment and wrote the article. Morgane Ourry advised on biomolecular analysis, performed the statistical analysis of microbial diversity and wrote the article.
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Sébastian Mira, Mathieu Emily, Christophe Mougel, Morgane Ourry and Edith Le Cadre declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Mira, S., Emily, M., Mougel, C. et al. A field indicator for rhizosphere effect monitoring in arable soils. Plant Soil 478, 325–346 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05284-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05284-2