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ZxSOS1 is essential for long-distance transport and spatial distribution of Na+ and K+ in the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum

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Abstract

Background and aims

Two major adaptive strategies used by Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, a C3 succulent xerophyte, against arid environments are absorbing a great quantity of Na+ from low-salinity soil which is efficiently transported to the leaves, and maintaining the stability of K+ concentration in those leaves. The plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1 has been suggested to be involved in Na+ transport and correlated with K+ nutrition in glycophytes. In this study, we investigated the function of the plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter ZxSOS1 in long-distance transport and spatial distribution of Na+ and K+ in the xerophyte Z. xanthoxylum.

Methods

The responses of ZxSOS1 to NaCl, KCl treatments and osmotic stress were investigated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, then the role of ZxSOS1 in regulating plant growth and Na+, K+ transport and spatial distribution in Z. xanthoxylum was studied by using post-transcriptional gene silencing.

Results

We found that ZxSOS1 was preferentially expressed in roots and was induced and regulated by salt treatments and osmotic stress. Using post-transcriptional gene silencing, we found that ZxSOS1-silenced plants exhibited reduced growth rate compared to wild-type (WT) plants under both normal and saline conditions. ZxSOS1-silenced plants accumulated more Na+ in their roots but less Na+ in leaves and stems than WT under 50 mM NaCl. Furthermore, ZxSOS1-silenced plants had a lower net K+ uptake rate than WT plants under both normal and saline conditions, and more interestingly, accumulated less K+ in leaves under normal conditions than WT plants. ZxSOS1-silenced plants also showed a decreased concentration and spatial distribution of K+ in leaves and roots than WT under 50 mM NaCl. In addition, ZxSOS1-silenced plants possessed an increased selective transport (ST) capacity for K+ over Na+ from root to stem while a decreased ST value from stem to leaf compared with WT plants when both were grown in 50 mM NaCl.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that ZxSOS1 is not only essential in long-distance transport and spatial distribution of Na+ and even K+, but also vital for regulating K+ and Na+ transport system and maintaining Na+ and K+ homeostasis in Z. xanthoxylum, thereby regulating its normal growth.

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Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to Professor Timothy J. Flowers from University of Sussex, UK, for critically reviewing the manuscript and for valuable suggestions. This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, grant No. 2014CB138701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 31072073) and the Scholarship Award for Excellent Doctoral Student granted by Ministry of Education (grant No. 224000–860016).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, Peoples Republic of China

    Qing Ma, Yi-Xiao Li, Hui-Jun Yuan, Jing Hu, Li Wei, Ai-Ke Bao, Jin-Lin Zhang & Suo-Min Wang

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  1. Qing Ma
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Supplemental Table S1

Primer sequences used in this study. (DOC 29 kb)

Supplemental Fig. S1

The expression level of ZxSOS1 in root tissue of Z. xanthoxylum under different concentrations of NaCl. (a) Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of ZxSOS1 mRNA in root tissue of 3-week-old plants treated with 0, 5, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl for 48 h, respectively. ACTIN was used as an internal control. Experiments were repeated at least three times (with similar results). (b) The relative expression level of ZxSOS1 (related to ACTIN) in root tissue of Z. xanthoxylum under different concentrations of NaCl. Values are means ± SD (n = 3) and bars indicate SD. Columns with different letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 (Duncan test). (JPEG 19 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 880 kb)

Supplemental Fig. S2

The expression level of ZxSOS1 in root, stem, and leaf tissue of Z. xanthoxylum under different concentrations of KCl. (a) Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of ZxSOS1 mRNA in root, stem, and leaf tissue of 3-week-old plants treated with 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mM KCl for 48 h, respectively. Plants were treated with modified half strength Hoagland nutrient solutions deprived of KNO3 for 3 days, where 2 mM KNO3 was substituted by 1 mM NH4NO3. Then different concentrations of K+ treatments were supplemented. ACTIN was used as an internal control. Experiments were repeated at least three times (with similar results). (b) The relative expression level of ZxSOS1 (related to ACTIN) in the root, stem, and leaf of Z. xanthoxylum under different concentrations of KCl. Values are means ± SD (n = 3) and bars indicate SD. (JPEG 23 kb)

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Ma, Q., Li, YX., Yuan, HJ. et al. ZxSOS1 is essential for long-distance transport and spatial distribution of Na+ and K+ in the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum . Plant Soil 374, 661–676 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1891-x

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