Abstract
The phytotoxicity of soil Cr usually depends on the plant availability of Cr(VI) in Cr-contaminated soils. However, Cr(VI) is favorably reduced to Cr(III) under acidic conditions, and increased availability of Cr(III) in acid soils can also cause phytotoxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the Cr phytotoxicity in acid soils in relation to their oxidation state and availability. Chromium X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), Dowex-M4195 and Chelex-100 resins, and wheat seedling growth experiments were used to determine the extent of Cr(VI) reduction, extractable Cr(VI) and Cr(III), and the phytotoxicity in two Cr(VI)-spiked acid soils. The results of the XANES spectra showed that Cr(VI) added into the Neipu soil, which had a high content of organic matter, was completely reduced to Cr(III). In addition, both resin extractable Cr(VI) and Cr(III) were very low. Meanwhile, no toxic effect of Cr on the wheat seedlings was observed and the wheat seedling growth increased with the increase in pH as a result of Cr addition. However, for the Pinchen soil which has a low content of organic matter, the XANES spectra showed that Cr(VI) could not be reduced completely and that both resin-extractable Cr(VI) and Cr(III) increased with the addition of Cr. The growth of the wheat seedlings also decreased with the addition of Cr(VI) >500 mg kg−1soil. The significant retardation of the wheat seedlings grown in the Pinchen soil was the result of both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) simultaneously. The speciation of total Cr by XANES and using resin extraction for determination of available Cr(III) and Cr(VI), as demonstrated using Cr(VI)-spiked acid soils in this study, can be used to assess the phytotoxicity of Cr in Cr-contaminated soils.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bajt S, Clark SB, Sutton SR, Rivers ML, Smith JV (1993) Synchrotron X-ray microprobe determination of chromate content using X- ray absorption near-edge structure. Anal Chem 65:1800–1804
Bang J, Hesterberg D (2004) Dissolution of trace element contaminants from two coastal plain soils as affected by pH. J Environ Qual 33:891–901
Bartlett RJ, Kimble JM (1976) Behavior of chromium in soils II. Hexavalent forms. J Environ Qual 5:383–386
Bloomfield C, Pruden G (1980) The behavior of Cr(VI) in soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Environ Pollu Ser A 23:103–114
Bolan NS, Thiagarajan S (2001) Retention and plant availability of chromium in soils as affected by lime and organic matter amendments. Aus J Soil Res 39:1091–1103
Cary EE, Allaway WH, Olson OE (1977) Control of chromium concentrations in food plant. 2. Chemistry of chromium in soils and its availability to soil. J Agric Food Chem 25:305–309
Chen CP, Lee DY, Juang KW, Lin TH (2008) Phytotoxicity of soil trivalent chromium to wheat seedlings evaluated by chelating resin extraction method. Soil Sci 173:638–648
Fernandes ML, Calouro F, Abreu MM (2002) Application of chromium to soil at different rates and oxidation states. I. Effect on dry matter yield and chromium uptake by radish. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 33:2259–2268
Fortunati P, Lombi E, Hamon RE, Nolan AL, McLaughlin MJ (2005) Effect of toxic cations on copper rhizotoxicity in wheat seedlings. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:372–378
Gee GW, Bauder JW (1986) Particle-size analysis. In: Klute A (ed) Methods of soil analysis, Part 1, 2nd edn. Agron Monogr ASA and SSSA, Madi, Wis
Han FX, Maruthi Sridhar BB, Monts DL, Su Y (2004) Phytoavailability and toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium to Brassica juncea L. New Phytol 162:489–499
Jing C, Liu S, Korfiatis GP, Meng X (2006) Leaching behavior of Cr(III) in stabilized/solidified soil. Chemosphere 64:379–385
Kim JG, Dixon JB, Chusuei CC, Deng Y (2002) Oxidation of chromium(III) to (V) by manganese oxides. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66:360–315
Kinraide TB, Pedler JF, Parker DR (2004) Relative effectiveness of calcium and magnesium in the alleviation of rhizotoxicity in wheat induced by copper, zinc, aluminum, sodium, and low pH. Plant Soil 259:201–208
Lee DY, Zheng HC (1993) Chelating resin membrane method for estimation of soil cadmium phytoavailability. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 24:685–700
Lee DY, Zheng HC (1994) Simultaneous extraction of soil phytoavailable cadmium, copper, and lead by chelating resin membrane. Plant Soil 164:19–23
Lee DY, Huang JC, Juang KW, Tsui L (2005) Assessment of phytotoxicity of chromium in flooded soils using embedded selective ion exchange resin method. Plant Soil 277:97–105
Lee DY, Shih YN, Zheng HC, Chen CP, Juang KW, Lee JF, Tsui L (2006) Using selective ion exchange resin extraction and XANES methods to evaluate the effect of compost amendments on soil chromium(VI) phytotoxicity. Plant Soil 281:87–96
Luo XS, Li LZ, Zhou DM (2008) Effect of cations on copper toxicity to wheat root: implications for the biotic ligand model. Chemosphere 73:401–406
Martz W (1969) Chromium occurrence and function in biological systems. Physiol Rev 49:163–239
McLean EO (1982) Soil pH and lime requirement. In: Page AL et al (eds) Method of soil analysis, Part 2, 2nd edn. Agron Monogr 9, ASA and SSSA, Madi, Wis
Mehra OP, Jackson ML (1960) Iron oxide removed from soils and clays by a diothionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate. Clays Clay Miner 7:317–327
Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1982) Total carbon, organic, and organic matter. In: Page AL et al (eds) Method of soil analysis, Part 2, 2nd edn. Agron Monogr 9, ASA and SSSA, Madi, Wis
Parker DR, Pedler JF, Thomason DN, Li H (1998) Alleviation of copper rhizotoxicity by calcium and magnesium at defined free metal-ion activities. Soil Sci Soc Am J 62:965–972
Peterson ML, Brown J, Parks GA, Stein CL (1997) Differential redox and sorption of Cr(III/VI) on natural silicate and oxide minerals: EXAFS and XANES results. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:3399–3412
Rose J, Benard A, Susini J, Borschneck D, Hazemann JL, Cheylan P, Vichot A, Bottero JY (2003) First insights of Cr speciation in leached Portland cement using X-ray spectromicroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 37:4864–4870
Sibbesen E (1997) A simple ion-exchange resin procedure for extracting plant-available elements from soil. Plant Soil 46:665–669
Skogley EO, Georgitis SJ, Yang JE, Scaff BE (1990) The phytoavailability soil test-PST. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 21:1229–1243
Sule PA, Ingle JD Jr (1996) Determination of the speciation of chromium with an automated two-column ion-exchange system. Anal Chim Acta 326:85–93
Szulczewski MD, Helmke PA, Bleam WF (1997) Comparsion of XANES analysis and extractions to determine chromium speciation in contaminated soils. Environ Sci Technol 31:2954–2959
Tan W, Liu F, Feng X, Huang Q, Li X (2005) Adsorption and redox reactions of heavy metals on Fe-Mn nodules from Chinese soils. J Colloid Interface Sci 284:600–605
Tokunaga TK, Wan J, Firestone MK, Hazen TC, Olson KR, Herman DJ, Sutton SR, Lanzirotti A (2003) In situ reduction of chromium(VI) in heavily contaminated soils through organic carbon amendment. J Environ Qual 32:1641–1649
Wei YL, Chiu SY, Tsai HN, Yang YW, Lee JF (2002) Thermal stabilization of chromium(VI) in kaolin. Environ Sci Technol 36:4633–4641
Wallace A, Soufi SM, Cha JW, Romney EM (1976) Some effects of chromium toxicity on bush bean plants grown in soil. Plant Soil 44:471–473
Yamaguchi T, Aso S (1977) Chromium from the standpoint of plant nutrition. I. Effect of chromium concentration on the germination and growth of several kinds of plants. J Sci Soil Manure Jpn 48:466–470
Yu PF, Juang KW, Lee DY (2004) Assessment of the phytotoxicity of chromium in soils using the selective ion exchange resin extraction method. Plant Soil 258:333–340
Zhao D, SenGupta AK, Stewart L (1998) Selective removal of Cr(VI) oxyanions with a new anion exchanger. Ind Eng Chem Res 37:4383–4387
Acknowledgement
This research was sponsored by the National Science Council, Taiwan, Republic of China under grant Nos. NSC 95-2313-B-002-076-MY3, NSC 97-2313-B-415-009-MY3, and NSC 98-2221-E-002-027-MY3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Fangjie Zhao.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, CP., Juang, KW., Lin, TH. et al. Assessing the phytotoxicity of chromium in Cr(VI)-spiked soils by Cr speciation using XANES and resin extractable Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Plant Soil 334, 299–309 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0383-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0383-5