Abstract
Remorins form a superfamily of plant-specific plasma membrane/lipid-raft-associated proteins of unknown structure and function. Using specific antibodies, we localized tomato remorin 1 to apical tissues, leaf primordia and vascular traces. The deduced remorin protein sequence contains a predicted coiled coil-domain, suggesting its participation in protein–protein interactions. Circular dichroism revealed that recombinant potato remorin contains an α-helical region that forms a functional coiled-coil domain. Electron microscopy of purified preparations of four different recombinant remorins, one from potato, two divergent isologs from tomato, and one from Arabidopsis thaliana, demonstrated that the proteins form highly similar filamentous structures. The diameters of the negatively-stained filaments ranged from 4.6–7.4 nm for potato remorin 1, 4.3–6.2 nm for tomato remorin 1, 5.7–7.5 nm for tomato remorin 2, and 5.7–8.0 nm for Arabidopsis Dbp. Highly polymerized remorin 1 was detected in glutaraldehyde-crosslinked tomato plasma membrane preparations and a population of the protein was immunolocalized in tomato root tips to structures associated with discrete regions of the plasma membrane.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alliotte, T., Tire´, C., Engler, G., Peleman, J., Caplan, A., Van Montagu, M. and Inze´, D. 1989. An auxin-regulated gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a DNA-binding protein. Plant Physiol. 89: 743–752.
Baskin, T.I. and Wilson, J.E. 1997. Inhibitors of protein kinases and phosphatases alter root morphology and disorganize cortical microtubules. Plant Physiol. 113: 493–502.
Bennett, V. and Gilligan, D.M. 1993. The spectrin-based membrane skeleton and micron-scale organization of the plasma membrane. Ann. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 9: 27–66.
Chen, Y.H., Yang, J.T. and Chau, K.H. 1974. Determination of the helix and beta form of proteins in aqueous solution by circular dichroism. Biochemistry 13: 3350–3359.
Crameri, A., Whitehorn, E.A., Tate, E. and Stemmer, W.P.C. 1996. Improved green fluorescent protein by molecular evolution using DNA shuffling. Nature Biotech. 14: 315–319.
Davies, E., Stankovic, B., Azama, K., Shibata, K. and Abe, S. 2001. Novel components of the plant cytoskeleton: a beginning to plant 'cytomics'. Plant Sci. 160: 185–196.
Edelhoch, H. 1967. Spectroscopic determination of tryptophan and tyrosine in proteins. Biochemistry 6: 1948–1954.
Farmer, E.E., Moloshok, T.D., Saxton, M.J. and Ryan, C.A. 1991. Oligosaccharide signaling in plants. Specificity of oligouronide-enhanced plasma membrane protein phosphorylation J. Biol. Chem. 266: 3140–3145.
Fuchs, E. and Cleveland, D.W. 1998. A structural scaffolding of intermediate filaments in health and disease. Science 279: 514–519.
Gardiner, J. and Marc, J. 2003. Putative microtubule-associated proteins from the Arabidopsis genome. Protoplasma 222: 61–74.
Jacinto, T., Farmer, E.E. and Ryan, C.A. 1993. Purification of potato leaf plasma membrane protein pp34, a protein phosphorylated in response to oligogalacturonide signals for defense and development. Plant Physiol. 103: 1393–1397.
Kohn, W.D., Mant, C.T. and Hodges, R.S. 1997. a-Helical protein assembly motifs. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 2583–2586.
Kreis, T. and Vale, R. 1993. Guidebook to the Cytoskeletal and Motor Proteins, Oxford University Press, New York.
Lai, E.C. 2003. Lipid rafts make for slippery platforms. J. Cell Biol. 162: 365–370.
Lloyd, C. and Chan, J. 2002. Helical microtubule arrays and spiral growth. Plant Cell 14: 2319–2324.
Lupas, A., Van Dyke, M. and Stock, J. 1991. Predicting coiled coils from protein sequences. Science 252: 1162–1164.
McCauley, M.M. and Evert, R.F. 1989. Minor veins of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaf: ultrastructure and plasmodermatal frequency. Bot. Gaz 150: 351–368.
Mongrand, S., Morel, J., Laroche, J., Claverol, S., Carde, J.-P., Hartmann, M.-A., Bonneu, M., Simon-Plas, F., Lessire, R. and Bessoule, J.-J. 2004. Lipid rafts in higher plant cells: purification and characterization of TX-100-insoluble microdomains from tobacco plasma membrane. J. Biol. Chem. In press.
Nambara, E. and McCourt, P. 1999. Protein farnesylation in plants: a greasy tale. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2: 388–392.
Reymond, P., Gru¨ nberger, S., Paul, K., Mu¨ ller, M. and Farmer, E.E. 1995. Oligogalacturonide defense signals in plants: large fragments interact with the plasma membrane in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 4145–4149.
Reymond, P., Kunz, B., Paul-Pletzer, K., Grimm, R., Eckerskorn, C. and Farmer, E.E. 1996. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a plasma membrane-associated, uronide binding phosphoprotein with physical properties similar to viral movement proteins. Plant Cell 8: 2265–2276.
Reymond, P., Weber, H., Damond, M. and Farmer, E.E. 2000. Differential gene expression in response to mechanical wounding and insect feeding in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 12: 707–720.
Sogo, J., Stasiak, A., DeBermardin, W., Losa, R. and Koller, T. 1987. Binding of proteins to nucleic acids as studied by electron microscopy. In Electron Microscopy in Molecular Biology. Edited by Sommerville, J. and Scheer, U. pp. 61–79. IRL Press, Oxford.
Soulages, J.L., Kim, K., Arrese, E.L., Walters, C. and Cushman, J.C. 2003. Conformation of a group 2 late embyogenesis abundant protien from soybean. Evidence of poly (L-proline)-type II structure. Plant Physiol. 131: 1–13.
The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. 2000. Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408: 796–815.
van Holde, K. 1985. Physical Biochemistry, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff, NJ.
Wasteneys, G.O. 2002. Microtubule organization in the green kingdom: chaos or self-order? J. Cell Sci. 115: 1345–1354.
Wasteneys, G.O. and Galway, M.E. 2003. Remodeling the cytoskeleton for growth and form: an overview with some new views. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 54: 691–722.
Weiss, C.A., Huang, H. and Ma, H. 1993. Immunolocalization of the G protein a-subunit encoded by the GPA1 gene in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 5: 1513–1528.
Wise, J.M. and Tunacliffe, A. 2004. POPP the question: what do LEA proteins do? Trends Plant Sci. 9: 13–17.
Wolf, E., Kim, P.S. and Berger, B. 1997. MultiCoil: a program for predicting two-and three-stranded coiled coils. Protein Sci. 6: 1179–1189.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bariola, P., Retelska, D., Stasiak, A. et al. Remorins form a novel family of coiled coil-forming oligomeric and filamentous proteins associated with apical, vascular and embryonic tissues in plants. Plant Mol Biol 55, 579–594 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-004-1520-4
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-004-1520-4