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Why Tourette syndrome research needs philosophical phenomenology

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Abstract

Despite a recent surge in publications on Tourette Syndrome (TS), we still lack substantial insight into first-personal aspects of “what it is like” to live with this condition. This is despite the fact that developments in phenomenological psychiatry have demonstrated the scientific and clinical importance of understanding subjective experience in a range of other neuropsychiatric conditions. We argue that it is time for Tourette Syndrome research to tap into the sophisticated frameworks developed in the philosophical tradition of phenomenology (qualitative research into the formal structures or the “how” of lived experience) for describing experience in a way that integrates discrete symptoms into an overarching experiential framework concerning the self, the body, and its modes of experience. Following a historical introduction that contextualises the pertinence of phenomenology to psychopathology, we distinguish this approach from the existing, psychologically oriented studies on TS that are also qualitative. We then outline gaps and opportunities for future research, including the sorts of questions that might be utilised in phenomenological interviews and why they are of potential benefit to research programs in philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience. In conclusion we address some of the broader implications for phenomenology of the body and philosophy of action.

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Notes

  1. Research findings on symptom persistence into adulthood diverge widely (compare Burd et al. 2001; Ohta and Kano 2003; Pappert et al. 2003).

  2. Early twentieth-century authors of Phenomenological work that was already empirically oriented include Eugène Minkowski, Erwin Strauss, and Medard Boss (see Zahavi 2019a).

  3. Petitmengin and colleagues note, for example, that prodromal sensations preceding seizures “are not specific enough for clinical use” (Petitmengin et al. 2006, p. 298). But “the existence of prodromes is additional evidence suggesting that ictogenesis is a progressive phenomenon” (p. 303) – a finding that has scientific merit, and might benefit from Phenomenological elaboration, especially in regard to the distinction between embodied agency and ownership (c.f. Gallagher 2005). Further, their phenomenological exploration also showed that patients spontaneously develop cognitive countermeasures [to] prevent a seizure or to interrupt a seizure once it has started” (Petitmengin et al. 2006, p. 303) – a finding that may help refine behavioural treatment strategies for epilepsy. On cognitive interventions for the control of epileptic seizures, see Gallagher and Brøsted Sørensen (2006, p. 125).

  4. For chapters in book-length collections, see Kendler and Parnas (2008, 2012, 2015, 2017); Fulford et al. (2013); Broome et al. (2012); and Chapter 7 in Zahavi (2005).

  5. See the recent Practice Guidelines developed for the American Academy of Neurology (Pringsheim et al. 2019), which are endorsed by the European Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society, among others.

  6. But see de Haan and de Bruin (2009) for a counter-argument to the idea that SA is lost in voluntary movement.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia

    Lisa Curtis-Wendlandt

  2. Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia

    Jack Reynolds

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  1. Lisa Curtis-Wendlandt
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  2. Jack Reynolds
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Both authors have collaborated on all parts of the paper, but Dr. Curtis-Wendlandt conceived of the broad idea of the paper and is the first-named author because of a greater overall contribution.

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Correspondence to Lisa Curtis-Wendlandt.

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Curtis-Wendlandt, L., Reynolds, J. Why Tourette syndrome research needs philosophical phenomenology. Phenom Cogn Sci 20, 573–600 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-020-09688-w

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