Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of particle injection angle on particle in-flight behaviors and characteristics at different primary and carrier gas flow rates through an integrated modeling and experimental approach. Particle in-flight status such as temperature, velocity, size and their distribution are analyzed to examine particle’s melting status before impact. Results from the experiments and numerical simulations both show that, when carrier gas flow rate is fixed, a small injection angle favors the particle melting and flattening. This behavior is independent of primary and secondary gas flow rates, spray distance and carrier gas flow rate. When both carrier gas flow and injection angle vary, a high carrier gas flow rate and a small injection angle are recommended for high particle temperature and velocity.
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Abbreviations
- a is :
-
Stoichiometric coefficient of the ith species in the sth reaction
- b is :
-
Stoichiometric coefficient of the ith species in the sth reaction
- c :
-
Concentration, mol m−3
- C p :
-
Specific heat, J kg−1 K−1
- C D :
-
Drag coefficient, dimensionless
- d :
-
Particle initial diameter, m
- D :
-
Diffusion coefficient, m2 s−1
- F :
-
Momentum source due to particles, kg m−2 s−2
- h :
-
Convection heat transfer coefficient, W m−2 K−1
- h i :
-
Specific enthalpy, J kg−1
- I:
-
Unit matrix
- J i :
-
Mass flux of the ith species, kg m−2 s−1
- k :
-
Thermal conductivity, W m−1 K−1
- L m :
-
Latent heat of fusion, J kg−1
- L v :
-
Latent heat of evaporation, J kg−1
- M i :
-
Molecular weight of the ith species, kg mol−1
- N p :
-
Number of particles in a computational grid
- P :
-
Pressure, Pa
- Pr :
-
Prandtl number, dimensionless
- \(\dot {Q}\) :
-
Energy source due to particles, W m−3
- r, R :
-
Radial coordinate, m
- Re p :
-
Particle Reynolds number,\(\rho _f D_p | \tilde {V}+{V}^{\prime}-V_p|/\mu _f, \) dimensionless
- Sh :
-
Sherwood number, dimensionless
- t :
-
Time, s
- T :
-
Temperature, K
- T m :
-
Melting temperature, K
- \(\vec {\tilde {u}}\) :
-
Favre average velocity vector, m s−1
- \({\vec {u}}'\) :
-
Velocity fluctuation, m s−1
- \(\vec {V}_p \) :
-
Particle velocity vector, m s−1
- \(\dot {W}\) :
-
Source term in momentum equation due to particles, W m−3
- x, y, z :
-
Coordinate, m
- Y i :
-
Mass fraction of the ith species
- \(\tilde {\kappa }\) :
-
Turbulent kinetic energy, J kg−1
- \(\tilde {\varepsilon }\) :
-
Turbulent dissipation, m2 s−3
- ɛ:
-
Emissivity, dimensionless
- \(\Upphi\) :
-
Viscous dissipation, kg m−3 s−1
- μ:
-
Viscosity, kg m−1 s−1
- μ t :
-
Turbulent viscosity, kg m−1 s−1
- θ:
-
Coordinate in the circumferential direction
- ρ:
-
Density, kg m−3
- σ:
-
Stress tensor, Pa
- ω s :
-
Progress rate of the sth reaction, mol m−3
- f :
-
Gas stream
- i :
-
Species i
- l :
-
Liquid
- p :
-
Particle
- s :
-
Solid
- ∞:
-
Ambient environment
- \(\widetilde{}\) :
-
Favre average
- T :
-
Transpose
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Acknowledgment
This work is supported by the NSF through DMR MRSEC-0080021.
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Zhang, W., Zheng, L.L., Zhang, H. et al. Study of Injection Angle and Carrier Gas Flow Rate Effects on Particles In-Flight Characteristics in Plasma Spray Process: Modeling and Experiments. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 27, 701–716 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-007-9101-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-007-9101-3