Abstract
This paper aims to provide a theological and psychological basis for faith communities under stress that will allow them to engage with the narratives of Jesus in such a way that they become the bearers of the “good news” and a force of resilience. The context is post-apartheid South Africa, which is plagued by the consequences of colonial as well as present-day neo-colonial atrocities. Faith communities are challenged to respond with resilience, to discover authentic existence in relationship with God and people, and to become agents of change. The article investigates resilience theory from an epistemological and hermeneutical perspective. It applies the “new hermeneutics” of Ernst Fuchs as a model in order to facilitate faith communities to (1) understand their own humanity and the human condition, (2) understand what an authentic life entails and how to acquire it, and (3) become a resilient community by associating collectively with the Jesus narrative.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The Marikana miners’ strike (or Lonmin strike) at a mine close to Rustenburg, South Africa, resulted in the deaths of 44 people between 10 and 16 August 2012 in a clash with police. At least 78 workers were injured. Killings continued up to 2014.
American Psychiatric Association, “The Road to Resiliance,” http://www.apahelpcenter.org/featuredtopics/feature.php?id=6&ch=2, accessed 12 April 2009.
Don Browning (2007, pp. 6–7) is known for borrowing from Kantian philosophy by distinguishing in his practical theology between phronesis (practical wisdom) and theoria (theoretical wisdom and knowledge).
References
Ader, R. (2000). The placebo effect: if it’s all in your head, does that mean you only think you feel better? Advances in Mind Body Medicine, 16, 7–11.
Affleck, G., & Tennen, H. (1996). Constructing benefits from adversity: adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings. Journal of Personality, 64, 899–922.
Bartholomew, J. N. (1981). A sociological view of authority in religious organizations. Review of Religious Research, 23(2), 118–132.
Benson, P. L. (1997). All kids are our kids. Minneapolis: Minneapolis Search Institute.
Beutel, A. (2012). Gerhard Ebeling: Eine Biographie. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely adversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20–28.
Bonanno, G. A. (2005). Resilience in the face of potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 135–138.
Bottoms, B. L., Shaver, P. R., Goodman, G. S., & Qin, J. (1995). In the name of God: the profile of religion-related child abuse. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 85–111.
Bowman, M. (1983). Why we burn: sexism exorcised. The Humanist, 43(6), 28–29.
Bridges, R. A., & Spilka, B. (1992). Religion and the mental health of women. In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.), Religion and mental health (pp. 43–53). New York: Oxford University Press.
Brody, H., & Brody, D. (2000). Three perspectives on the placebo response: expectancy, conditioning, and meaning. Advances in Mind Body Medicine, 16, 216–232.
Browning, D. (2007). Equality and the family: A fundamental, practical theology of children, mothers, and fathers in modern societies. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Burns, B., Chapman, T. D., & Guthrie, D. C. (2013). Resilient ministry: What pastors told us about surviving and thriving. Downers Grove: IVP Books, Imprint of InterVarsity Press.
Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: issues, models and linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 245–266.
Chang, E. C., Maydeu-Olivers, A., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (1997). Optimism and pessimism as partially independent constructs: relations to positive and negative affectivity and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 433–440.
Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R. B., Alper, C. M., & Skoner, D. P. (2003). Emotional style and susceptibility to the common cold. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 652–657.
Coutu, D. (2002). How resilience works. Harvard Business Review, 80(5), 46–55.
Dibeela, P., Lenka-Bula, P., & Vellem, V. (Eds.). (2014). Prophet from the South: Essays in honour of Allan Aubrey Boesak. Stellenbosch: SUN Press.
Dollahite, D. C. (2007). Latter-day saint marriage and family life. In D. S. Browning & D. A. Clairmont (Eds.), American religions and the family: How faith traditions cope with modernization and democracy (pp. 124–150). New York: Columbia University Press.
Dreyer, W. A. (2013). The Reformed Church and apartheid [original in Afrikaans]. HTS Theological Studies, 69(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v69i1.1944.
Erikson, K. T. (1976). Loss of communality at Buffalo Creek. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133(3), 302–305.
Foucault, M. (1975/1995). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York: Vintage.
Foucault, M. (1982). The subject and power. Critical Inquiry, 8, 777–795.
Fuchs, E. (1954/1963). Hermeneutik. Bad Cannstatt: R. Müllerschon Verlag.
Fuchs, E. (1965). Gesammelte Aufsätze III: Glaube und Erfahrung. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
Fuchs, E. (1968). Marburger Hermeneutik. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
Garmezy, N. (1991). Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist, 34, 416–430.
Goldman, S. L., Kraemer, D. T., & Salovey, P. (1996). Beliefs about mood moderate the relationship to illness and symptom reporting. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 115–128.
Griffith, J. L. (2010). Religion that heals, religion that harms: A guide for clinical practice. New York: Guilford Press.
Griffith, J. L., & Elliott Griffith, M. (2002). Encountering the sacred in psychotherapy: How to talk with people about their spiritual lives. New York: Guilford Press.
Herrington, J., Creech, R., & Taylor, T. (2003). The leader’s journey. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(3), 337–421.
Horsley, R. (Ed.). (2008). In the shadow of empire: Reclaiming the Bible as a history of faithful resistance. Louisville: Westminster John Knox.
Huxel, K. (2004). Theologie als Sprachlehre des Glaubens: Zum hermeneutischen Programm von Ernst Fuchs. Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche, 101, 292–314.
Imber-Black, E., & Roberts, J. (1998/2004). Rituals for our times: Celebrating, healing, and changing our lives and our relationships. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
Jüngel, E., & Schunack, G. (Eds.). (2003). Ernst Fuchs Lesebuch: Ausgewälte Texte. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
Keller, H. (1903). Optimism: An essay. New York: Doubleday.
King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2009). The detection and construction of meaning in life events. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 317–330.
Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2005). Attachment, evolution and the psychology of religion. New York: Guilford Press.
Koenig, H. G. (1998). Religious attitudes and practices of hospitalized medically ill older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 213–224.
Kosak, H. (1970/1977). Leitfaden bliblischer Hermeneutik: Eine Orientierungshilfe. Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt.
Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1121–1134.
Layne, C. M., Warren, J. S., Watson, P. J., & Shalev, A. Y. (2007). Risk, vulnerability, resistance, and resilience: Toward an integrative conceptualization of posttraumatic adaptation. In T. K. M. Friedman & P. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice (pp. 497–520). New York: Guilford Press.
Legrand, L. (2000). The bible on culture: Belonging or dissenting? Maryknoll: Orbis.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543–562.
McCullough, M. E., & Snyder, C. R. (2000). Classical sources of human strength: revisiting an old home and building a new one. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 1–10.
Mookadam, F., & Arthur, H. M. (2004). Social support and its relationship to morbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview. Internal Medicine, 164(14), 1514–1518.
Newman, M. (1994). Defining the enemy: adult education in social action. Sydney: Stewart Victor Publishing.
Norris, F. H., & Sloane, L. B. (2007). The epidemiology of trauma and PTSD. In M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice (pp. 78–98). New York: Guilford Press.
Pilch, J. J. (2011). Paul, a change agent: Model for the twenty-first century. In P. Spitaler (Ed.), Celebrating Paul: Festschrift in honor of Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, O. P., and Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S. J (Catholic biblical quarterly monograph series, Vol. 48, pp. 81–99). Washington: Catholic Biblical Association of America.
Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307–321. doi:10.1002/jclp.10020.
Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598–611.
Saul, J. (2014). Collective trauma, collective healing. New York: Routledge.
Segerstrom, S. C., & Sephton, S. E. (2010). Optimistic experiences and cell-mediated immunity: the role of positive affect. Psychological Science, 21(3), 448–455.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14.
Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2013). Resilience: The science of mastering life’s greatest challenges. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Southwick, S. M., Vythilingam, M., & Charney, D. (2005). The psychobiology of depression and resilience to stress: implications for prevention and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 255–291.
Southwick, S. M., Litz, B., Charney, D. S., & Friedman, M. J. (Eds.). (2011). Resilience and mental health: Challenges across the lifespan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stinnett, N., & DeFrain, J. (1985). Secrets of strong families. Boston: Little, Brown.
Sundermeier, T. (1975). Church and nationalism in South Africa. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.
Vaillant, G. E. (2002). Aging well: surprising guideposts to a happier life from the landmark. Harvard study of adult development. New York: Little, Brown & Co.
Walsh, F. (2006). Strengthening family resilience (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Walsh, F. (Ed.) (2009). Religion, spirituality and the family: multifaith perspectives. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Resources in family therapy (2nd ed.) (pp.3–30). New York: Guilford Press.
Weber, M. (1958). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology (H. H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills, Trans.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Werner, E., & Smith, R. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children and youth. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Wilcox, W. B. (2004). Soft patriarchs, new men: How Christianity shapes fathers and husbands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Yip, A. K. T. (2002). The persistence of faith among non-heterosexual Christians: evidence for the neo-secularization thesis of religious transformation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 199–212.
Zeidner, M., & Hammer, A. L. (1992). Coping with missile attack: resources, strategies, and outcomes. Journal of Personality, 60, 709–746.
Acknowledgments
This article is based on a paper read at a conference of the “New Directions in Practical Theology” group hosted 7–9 May 2014 by the Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton, New Jersey.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dreyer, Y. Community Resilience and Spirituality: Keys to Hope for a Post-Apartheid South Africa. Pastoral Psychol 64, 651–662 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-014-0632-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-014-0632-2