Abstract
In this paper, we have proposed and demonstrated a 100 Gbps data transmission system over hybrid single mode fiber (SMF)-free space optics (FSO) link using optical comb lines in wavelength-division-multiplexing technique. A continuous wave laser, two dual drive Mach-Zehnder modulators and four electrical attenuators are employed to generate optical frequency comb lines (OFCL). The OFCL generator generates 52 comb lines by optimizing biasing voltages. The OFCL lines with a side mode suppression ratio of ∼ 50dB and flatness ∼∼ 0.01dB are generated and used as an optical carrier in the proposed system. The performance of the system is investigated in different weather conditions, such as clear weather, hazy weather, heavy rain, light fog, moderate fog, and heavy fog.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Agrawal, G.P.: Fiber-optic Communication System, 3rd edn. John Wiley & sons Inc, New York (2002)
Al-Gailani, S.A., Salleh, M.F.M., Salem, A.A., Shaddad, R.Q., Sheikh, U.U., Algeelani, N.A.: Almohamad, T. A. A survey of free space optics (FSO) communication systems, links, and networks. IEEE Access. 9, 7353–7373 (2020)
Aladeloba, A.O., Woolfson, M.S., Phillips, A.J.: WDM FSO network with turbulence-accentuated interchannel crosstalk. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 5(6), 641–651 (2013)
Badar, N., Jha, R.K., Towfeeq, I.: Performance analysis of an 80 (8× 10) Gbps RZ-DPSK based WDM-FSO system under combined effects of various weather conditions and atmospheric turbulence induced fading employing Gamma–Gamma fading model. Opt. Quant. Electron. 50, 1–11 (2018)
Cang, L., Zhao, H.-K., Guo-Xin, Z.: Impact Atmospheric Turbul. Terahertz Communication Ieee Access. 7, 88685–88692 (2019)
Chen Cihai, H., Chao, Z., Dan, G., Ronghui: Zhang Fangzheng and Pan Shilong. Generation of flat optical frequency comb based on a cascaded polarization modulator and phase modulator. Opt. Lett. 38(16), 3137–3139 (2013)
Das, A.S., Patra, A.S.: Simultaneous signal transmission of different data-rates in a DWDM system employing external injection locking technique. Opt. Laser Technol. 64, 23–27 (2014)
Das, B., Mallick, K., Mandal, P., Dutta, B., Barman, C., Patra, A.S.: Flat optical frequency comb generation employing cascaded dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulators. Results Phys. 17, 103152 (2020)
Dutta, B., Kuiri, B., Santra, S., Sarkar, N., Biswas, I.A., Atta, R., Patra, A.: 100 gbps data transmission based on different l-valued OAM Beam multiplexing employing WDM techniques and free space optics. Opt. Quant. Electron. 53(9), 515 (2021)
Dutta, B., Sarkar, N., Atta, R., Kuiri, B., Patra, A.S.: 1600 gbps PAM-4 FSO link enabled using OFCL-based WDM and OAM-multiplexing techniques. Results Opt. 9, 100287 (2022)
Dutta, B., Kuiri, B., Atta, R., Sarkar, N., Patra, A.S.: Numerical evaluation of bidirectional high-speed data transmission over turbulence tolerable FSO link employing WDM-OAM multiplexing and DP-QPSK modulation techniques. Opt. Commun. 546, 129753 (2023)
Ferreira, R.L., Rocha, M.L.: Optical comb generation techniques. In 5th IWT 2013, International Workshop on Telecommunications. (2013)
Gul, B., Ahmad, F.: Design and performance investigation of gaussian apodized FBG as hybrid dispersion compensation module for long-haul optical link. J. Opt. Commun., (0). (2022)
Healy Tadhg, Gunning Fatima, C.G., Ellis Andrew, D., Bull Jeff, D.: Multi-wavelength source using low drive-voltage amplitude modulators for optical communications. Opt. Express. 15(9), 2981–2986 (2007)
Hmood, J.K., Emami, S.D., Noordin, K.A., Ahmad, H., Harun, S.W., Shalaby, H.M.: Optical frequency comb generation based on chirping of Mach–Zehnder modulators. Opt. Commun. 344, 139–146 (2015)
Huang, X.-H., et al.: WDM free-space optical communication system of high-speed hybrid signals. IEEE Photonics J. 106, 1–7 (2018)
Kakati, D., Arya, S.C.: Performance of 120 Gbps single channel coherent DP-16-QAM in terrestrial FSO link under different weather conditions. Optik, 178, 1230–1239. (2019) (2019)
Kaur, S., Goyal, R., Chaudhary, S.: 1000 Gbps MDM-WDM FSO link employing DP-QPSK modulation scheme under the effect of fog. Optik. 257, 16 (2022)
Kumari, M., Arya, V.: Investigation of high-speed hybrid WDM-OCDMA-PON system incorporating integrated fiber-FSO link under distinct climate conditions. Opt. Quant. Electron. 54(12), 775 (2022)
Kumari, M., Arya, V.: Integrated long reach and energy-efficient NGPON-VLC system with OCDM/WDM for smart green buildings. Optik, 171280. (2023)
Li, P., Shuisheng, J., Tigang, N., Zhi, W.: Long-haul WDM system through conventional single mode optical fiber with dispersion compensation by chirped fiber Bragg grating. Opt. Commun. 222(1–6), 169–178 (2003)
Lu, H.-H., Huang, X.-H., Li, C.-Y., Liu, C.-X., Lin, Y.-Y., Chen, Y.-T., Poh-Suan Chang, and, Ko, T.: Bi-directional fiber-FSO-5G MMW/5G new radio sub-THz convergence. J. Lightwave Technol. 39(22), 7179–7190 (2021)
Lu, H.-H., Li, C.-Y., Tsai, W.-S., Chang, P.-S., Chen, Y.-T., Liu, C.-X.: Ting Ko, and Yan-Yu Lin. Simultaneous transmission of 5G MMW and sub-THz signals through a fiber-FSO-5G NR converged system. J. Lightwave Technol. 40(8), 2348–2356 (2022)
Lu, H.-H., Huang, X.-H., Li, C.-Y., Xu, Y.-Z., Jin, J.-L., Chen, W.-X., Lin, C.-H.: Two-way free-space optics-based interface between fibre and 5G communication employing polarisation-orthogonal modulation. Commun. Eng. 2(1), 89 (2023)
Lu, H.-H., Li, C.-Y., Huang, X.-H., Lin, C.-J., Lin, R.-D., Lin, Y.-S., Tang, Y.-S., Wei-Cheng, F.: Frequencies Commun. Eng. 2(1), 18 (2023b). A combined fibre/free-space-optical communication system for long-haul wireline/wireless transmission at millimetre-wave/sub-THz
Magidi, S., Jabeena, A.: Review on wavelength division multiplexing free space optics. J. Opt. Commun., (0). (2018)
MS, S.V., P, K., Poornachari, P.: Analysis of atmospheric attenuation of a FSO–WDM system for long-range communication. J. Opt. Commun., (0). (2023)
Palanisamy, A.R., Ramya, K.C., Jayasingh, J.R., Maheswar, R., Roshini, P., Aly, M.H.: 10 Gbps CPFSK FSO system under various adverse atmospheric conditions: Performance analysis. Opt. Quant. Electron. 55(10), 911 (2023)
Parkash, S., Banga, A.: Performance analysis and optimization of multichannel DWDM-FSO system under the effect of hostile weather conditions. J. Opt. Commun., (0). (2023)
Pei, L., Ning, T., Yan, F., Dong, X., Tan, Z., Liu, Y., Jian, S.: Dispersion compensation of fiber Bragg gratings in 3100 km high speed optical fiber transmission system. Front. Optoelectron. China. 2, 163–169 (2009)
Prabu, K., Charanya, S., Jain, M., Guha, D.: BER analysis of SS-WDM based FSO system for Vellore weather conditions. Opt. Commun. 403, 73–80 (2017)
Salman, A.A., Esmer, G.B., Ali, M.H., Al-Azzawi, W.K.: Design and simulation of 40 GHz–WDM communication system-based optical frequency comb generator. J. Opt., (2023). 1–6
Senior, J.M., Jamro, M.: Y. Optical fiber Communications: Principles and Practice. Pearson Education (2009)
Singh, M., Aly, M.H., El-Mottaleb, S.A.: A. Performance analysis of a 448 gbps PDM/WDM/16-QAM hybrid SMF/FSO system for last mile connectivity. Opt. Quant. Electron. 55(3), 231 (2023)
Ullah, R., Liu, B., Zhang, Q., Saad Khan, M., Ahmad, I., Ali, A., Xin, X.: Pulsed laser-based optical frequency comb generator for high-capacity wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network supporting 1.2 tbps. Opt. Eng. 55(9), 096106–096106 (2016)
Ullah, R., Ullah, S., Imtiaz, W.A., Alatawi, A.A., Alwageed, H.S., Ahmad, I., Jianxin, R.: Feasibility analysis of 2-dimensional permutation vector optical code division multiple access passive optical network. Optik, 294, 171484. (2023) (2023)
Ullah, R., Ullah, S., Imtiaz, W.A., Khan, J., Shah, P.M.A., Kamran, M., Ren, J., Chen, S.: High-capacity Free Space Optics-Based Passive Optical Network for 5G front-Haul Deployment. Photonics. 10, 1073 (2023a)
Ullah, R., Ullah, S., Khan, J., Al-Atawi, A.A., Alwageed, H.S.: Efficient optical fiber communication in the Metro access domain based on an optical multicarrier source. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 66(1), e33883 (2024)
Ullah, R., Ullah, S., Almadhor, A., Alwageed, H.S., Al-Atawi, A.A., Ren, J., Chen, S.A.: High-capacity Optical Metro Access Network: Efficiently recovering Fiber failures with robust switching and centralized Optical Line Terminal. Sensors. 24, 1074 (2024a)
Ullah, R., Ullah, S., Imtiaz, W.A., Alatawi, A.A., Alzaid, Z., Alwageed, H.S.: Optimization and analysis of Spectral/Spatial optical code division multiple access passive optical network. AEU-International J. Electron. Commun. 175, 155084 (2024c)
Wang Qiang, H., Li, X., Yanfei, Bingkun, Z.: Ultra-flat optical frequency comb generation using a single-driven dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator. Opt. Lett. 39(10), 3050–3053 (2014)
Wu Rui, S.V.R., Long Christopher, M., Leaird Daniel, E., Weiner Andrew, M.: Generation of very flat optical frequency combs from continuous wave laser using cascaded intensity and phase modulators driven by tailored radio frequency waveforms. Opt. Lett. 35(19), 3234–3236 (2010)
Yeh, C.H., Guo, B.S., Chang, Y.J., Chow, C.W., Gu, C.S.: Bidirectional free space optical communication (FSO) in WDM access network with 1000-m supportable free space link. Opt. Commun. 435, 394–398 (2019)
Zhang, C., Ning, T., Li, J., Pei, L., Li, C., Ma, S.: A full-duplex WDM-RoF system based on tunable optical frequency comb generator. Opt. Commun. 344, 65–70 (2015)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge SERB, Govt. of India, CRG/2019/006580, and DST Govt. of India, SR/FST/PS-1/2020/159 for financial support to carry out the research work and Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, India for the infrastructural facility.
Funding
SERB, Govt. of India, CRG/2019/006580 and DST FIST (SR/FST/PS-I/2020/159), Govt. of India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors have contributed to the design of the proposed configuration. Rinki Atta performs the whole simulation work and prepares the manuscript. Aloke Kumar Pathak, Amlan Das, Nilanjana Sarkar, and Bubai Dutta analysed the result. Dr. Ardhendu Sekhar Patra (corresponding author) investigates and supervised the findings of this work and contributes to the writing and editing of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that this is their original work, and this paper has not been submitted to any other journals.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Atta, R., Pathak, A.K., Das, A. et al. A 100 Gbps integrated fiber-FSO data transmission system based on WDM techniques employing optical frequency comb lines. Opt Quant Electron 56, 946 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-06932-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-06932-4