Abstract
This paper presents a mid-infrared absorber based on anisotropic black phosphorus (BP) stacked with magnesium fluoride (MgF2). BP has a sufficiently large electronic bandgap, and its high carrier mobility allows for efficient free-carrier absorption in the mid-infrared regimes. Magnesium fluoride is an ideal candidate for the mid-infrared absorber, providing optical transparency, efficient absorption, and antireflection properties due to its low refractive index. Different unit cell shapes were used to examine the absorbance for both the transverse electric mode (TE) and transverse magnetic mode (TM) polarization components. The results show that the absorbance for TM polarization is approximately 48% and 50% at around 7 μm and 12 μm, respectively. For TE polarization, the absorbance occurs at 9 μm with a value of around 8.5%. Rotating the unit cell to be out of phase by 90 degrees from the neighboring unit cell improved the low absorbance to 45%, and the absorbance peak shifted to 17 μm.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The manuscript includes all the data related to these findings.
References
Akhavan, A., Abdolhosseini, S., Ghafoorifard, H., Habibiyan, H.: Narrow band total absorber at near-infrared wavelengths using monolayer graphene and sub-wavelength grating based on critical coupling. J. Light Technol. 36, 5593–5599 (2018)
Bonaccorso, F., Sun, Z., Hasan, T., Ferrari, A.: Graphene photonics and optoelectronics. Nat. Photonics. 4, 611 (2010)
Cai, Y., Xu, K.-D., Feng, N., Guo, R., Lin, H., Zhu, J.: Anisotropic infrared plasmonic broadband absorber based on graphene-black phosphorus multilayers. Opt. Express. 27, 3101–3112 (2019)
Canós Valero, A., Shamkhi, H.K., Kupriianov, A.S., Weiss, T., Pavlov, A.A., Redka, D., Bobrovs, V., Kivshar, Y., Shalin, A.S.: Superscattering emerging from the physics of bound states in the continuum. Nature Communications, 14(1), p.4689. (2023)
Debu, D.T., Bauman, S.J., French, D., Churchill, H.O.H., Herzog, J.B.: Tuning Infrared Plasmon Resonance of Black Phosphorene Nanoribbon with a Dielectric Interface. Sci. Rep. 8, 3224 (2018)
Deng, B., Tran, V., Xie, Y., Jiang, H., Li, C., Guo, Q., Wang, X., Tian, H., Koester, S.J., Wang, H., Cha, J.J., Xia, Q., Yang, L., Xia, F.: Efficient electrical control of thin-film black phosphorus bandgap. Nat. Commun. 8, 14474 (2017)
Fan, Y., Guo, C., Zhu, Z., Xu, W., Wu, F., Yuan, X., Qin, S.: Monolayer-graphene-based perfect absorption structures in the near-infrared. Opt. Express. 25, 13079–13086 (2017)
Han, L., Wang, L., Xing, H., Chen, X.: Active tuning of midinfrared surface plasmon resonance and its hybridization in black phosphorus sheet array. ACS Photonics. 5, 3828–3837 (2018)
Jeon, S., Kim, M., Jia, J., Park, J.-H., Lee, S., Song, Y.J.: Controlled p-doping of black phosphorus by integration of mos2 nanoparticles. Appl. Surf. Sci. 440, 282–287 (2018)
Jiang, X., Wang, T., Xiao, S., Yan, X., Cheng, L.: Tunable ultra-high-efficiency light absorption of monolayer graphene using critical coupling with guided resonance. Opt. Express. 25, 27028–27036 (2017)
Koenig, S.P., Doganov, R.A., Seixas, L., Carvalho, A., Tan, J.Y., Watanabe, K., Taniguchi, T., Yakovlev, N., Castro, A.H., Neto, Ozyilmaz, B.: Electron doping of ultrathin black phosphorus with Cu adatoms. Nano Lett. 16, 2145–2151 (2016)
Li, L., Yu, Y., Ye, G.J., Ge, Q., Ou, X., Wu, H., Feng, D., Chen, X.H., Zhang, Y.: Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 372 (2014)
Li, H.-J., Ren, Y.-Z., Hu, J., Qin, M., Wang, L.: Wavelength-selective wide-angle light absorption enhancement in monolayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides. J. Light Technol. 36, 3236–3241 (2018)
Liu, Z., Aydin, K.: Localized surface plasmons in nanostructured monolayer black phosphorus. Nano Lett. 16, 3457–3462 (2016)
Liu, T., Jiang, X., Zhou, C., Xiao, S.: Black phosphorus-based anisotropic absorption structure in the mid-infrared. Opt. Express. 27, 27618–27627 (2019)
Lu, H., Gong, Y., Mao, D., Gan, X., Zhao, J.: Strong plasmonic confinement and optical force in phosphorene pairs. Opt. Express. 25, 5255–5263 (2017)
Mishu, S., Jahan, M.A., Rahman, Dhar, N.: Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensing with a Dual-band Optically Transparent ITO-based Perfect Metamaterial Absorber for Biomedical Applications. Heliyon (2024)
Ni, X., Wang, L., Zhu, J., Chen, X., Lu, W.: Surface plasmons in a nanostructured black phosphorus flake. Opt. Lett. 42, 2659–2662 (2017)
Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Morozov, S.V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S.V., Grigorieva, I.V., Firsov, A.A.: Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Sci. vol. 306, 666–669 (2004)
Palik, E.D. (ed.): Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, vol. 3. Academic (1998)
Piper, J.R., Fan, S.: Total absorption in a graphene monolayer in the optical regime by critical coupling with a photonic crystal guided resonance. ACS Photonics. 1, 347–353 (2014)
Qian, J., Zhou, J., Zhu, Z., Ge, Z., Wu, S., Liu, X., Yi, J.: Polarization-insensitive broadband THz absorber based on circular graphene patches. Nanomaterials. 11(10), 2709 (2021)
Qiao, J., Kong, X., Hu, Z.-X., Yang, F., Ji, W.: High-mobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in few-layer black phosphorus. Nat. Commun. 5, 4475 (2014)
Qing, Y.M., Ma, H.F., Cui, T.J.: Tailoring anisotropic perfect absorption in monolayer black phosphorus by critical coupling at terahertz frequencies. Opt. Express. 26, 32442–32450 (2018)
Roldán, R., Castellanos-Gomez, A.: Black phosphorus: A new bandgap tuning knob. Nat. Photonics. 11, 407 (2017)
Tran, V., Soklaski, R., Liang, Y., Yang, L.: Layer-controlled band gap and anisotropic excitons in few-layer black phosphorus. Phys. Rev. B. 89, 235319 (2014)
Wang, J., Jiang, Y.: Infrared absorber based on sandwiched two-dimensional black phosphorus metamaterials. Opt. Express. 25, 5206–5216 (2017)
Wang, X., Jones, A.M., Seyler, K.L., Tran, V., Jia, Y., Zhao, H., Wang, H., Yang, L., Xu, X., Xia, F.: Highly anisotropic and robust excitons in monolayer black phosphorus. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 517 (2015)
Wang, J., Jiang, Y., Hu, Z.: Dual-band and polarization-independent infrared absorber based on two-dimensional black phosphorus metamaterials. Opt. Express. 25, 22149–22157 (2017)
Xia, F., Wang, H., Jia, Y.: Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics. Nat. Commun. 5, 4458 (2014)
Xiao, S., Liu, T., Cheng, L., Zhou, C., Jiang, X., Li, Z., Xu, C.: Tunable anisotropic absorption in hyperbolic metamaterials based on black phosphorous/dielectric multilayer structures. J. Light Technol. 37, 3290–3297 (2019)
Xiong, F., Zhang, J., Zhu, Z., Yuan, X., Qin, S.: Strong anisotropic perfect absorption in monolayer black phosphorous and its application as tunable polarizer. J. Opt. 19, 075002 (2017)
Zhang, R., Zhang, Y., Yu, H., Zhang, H., Yang, R., Yang, B., Liu, Z., Wang, J.: Broadband black phosphorus optical modulator in the spectral range from visible to mid-infrared. Adv. Opt. Mater. 3, 1787–1792 (2015)
Zhang, Y., Pei, Q., Jiang, J.-W., Wei, N., Zhang, Y.-W.: Thermal conductivities of single-and multilayer phosphorene: A molecular dynamics study. Nanoscale. 8, 483–491 (2016)
Zhu, X., Shi, H., Zhang, S., Liu, Q., Duan, H.: Constructive-interference-enhanced Fano resonance of silver plasmonic heptamers with a substrate mirror: A numerical study. Opt. Express. 25(9), 9938–9946 (2017)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, through Researchers Supporting Project under Grant RSP-2024/336. This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University project number (PSAU/2024/R/1445).
Funding
This research was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project (RSP-2024/336), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University project number (PSAU/2024/R/1445).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
WMA: conceived the idea, checked the simulation results, and revised the manuscript. YTA: conceived the idea, performed the simulations, and prepared the draft. YMA: discussed the results and checked the draft. MTA: discussed the results and revised the manuscript. MAM: discussed the results and revised the manuscript. AFA: checked the draft, discussed the results, and revised the manuscript. KN: revised the manuscript. The author read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Abdulkawi, W.M., Aladadi, Y.T., Al-Moliki, Y.M. et al. Mid-infrared optical absorber based on anisotropic black phosphorus and magnesium fluoride. Opt Quant Electron 56, 984 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-06874-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-06874-x