Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tree-based wireless NoC architecture: enhancing scalability and latency

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The most recent and elegant solution to address the problem of scalability in network-on-chip (NoC) architectures is WiNoCs (Wireless NoCs).WiNoC, a wired-wireless hybrid architecture in NoC designs, is becoming increasingly popular for its fast unicast message delivery. However, modern applications often require multicasting and broadcasting messages instead. In the proposed work, the widely used simulation tool BookSim is employed, which offers reconfigurability and openness and it enables the analysis of both wired and wireless NoC architectures. This paper proposes a Tree-based Wireless NoC architecture approach incorporating MDND (message duplication in non-destination), which provides multicast support for WiNoC by exploring the inherent broadcast-type communication of wireless connection. Additionally, the proposed work supports the configuration of various aspects, including its multicast injection rate, enabling or disabling its multicast capabilities, and determining the number of multicast recipients for each packet. The proposed Tree-based approach showed a significant improvement in average multicast transaction latency compared to the traditional NoC. There is a noticeable reduction in the average network latency, the flit latency, and the total power. The analysis also shows a reduction in average packet latency for unicast messages and average packet latency for broadcast messages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Abadal, S., et al.: Scalability of broadcast performance in wireless network-on-chip. IEEE TPDS. 27(12), 3631–3645 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Abadal, S., Mestres, A., Nemirovsky, M., Lee, H., Gonzalez, A., Alarcon, E., Cabellos-Aparicio, A.: Scalability of broadcast performance in wireless network-on-chip. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 27(12), 52–54 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abadal, S., et al.: OrthoNoC: a broadcast-oriented dual-planewireless network-on-chip architecture. IEEE TPDS 29(3), 628–641 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Achballah, A.B., Othman, S.B., Saoud, S.B.: An extensive review of emerging technology networks−on−chip proposals. Glob. J. Res. Eng. Electr. Electr. Eng. 17(6), 16–40 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alaei, M., Yazdanpanah, F.: A high-performance FPGA-based multicrossbar prioritized network-on-chip. Concurr. Comput. 33(6), e6055 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aruna, M.R., Jishaa, P.A., Joseb, J.: A novel energy efficient multicasting approach for mesh NoCs. In: 6th International Conference on Advances in Computing & Communications, ICACC 2016, 6–8 September 2016, Cochin, India (2016)

  • Bhaskar, A., Venkatesh, T.G.: Performance analysis of network-on-chip in manycore processors. J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. 147, 196–208 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boppana, R., Chalasani, S., Raghavendra, C.: Resource deadlocks and performance of wormhole multicast routing algorithms. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 9(6), 535–549 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catania, V., Mineo, A., Monteleone, S., Palesi, M., Patti, D.: Cycle-accurate network on chip simulation with Noxim. ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul. (TOMACS). 27(1), 1–25 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chatmen, M.F., Baganne, A., Tourki, R.: A new network on chip design dedicated to multicast service. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. (IJACSA) 7(4), 104–116 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., Dai, P.: Multicast transmission with energy-proportional power-gating scheme for wireless interconnects NoC. In: IEEE Globecom Workshops, pp. 1–6. San Diego (2015)

  • Deb, S., Ganguly, A., Pande, P.P., Belzer, B., Heo, D.: Wireless NoC as interconnection backbone for multicore chips: promises and challenges. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Circuits Syst. 2(2), 1–6 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duraisamy, K., et al.: Multicast-aware high-performance wireless network-on-chip architectures. IEEE TVLSI. 25(3), 1126–1139 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebrahimi, M., et al.: An efficient dynamic multicast routing protocol for distributing traffic in NOCs, pp. 1064–1069 (2009)

  • Floyd, B.A., Hung, C.M., Kenneth, K.O.: Intra-chip wireless interconnect for clock distribution implemented with integrated antennas, receivers, and transmitters. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 37(5), 1–3 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furber, S.B., Lester, D.R., Plana, L.A., Garside, J.D., Painkras, E., Temple, S., Brown, A.D.: Overview of the spinnaker system architecture. IEEE Trans. Comput. 62(12), 2454–2467 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Karkar, A., et al.: A survey of emerging interconnects for on-chip efficient multicast and broadcast in many-cores. IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag. 16(1), 58–72 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J.-Y., et al.: A 118.4 GB/s multicasting network-on-chip with hierarchical star-ring combined topology for real-time object recognition. IEEE JSSC. 45(7), 1399–1409 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinou, D., Nicopoulos, C., Lee, J., Sirakoulis, G., Dimitrakopoulos, G.: SmartFork: partitioned multicast allocation and switching in network-on-chip routers. In: IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 1–5 (2020)

  • Lee, S.B., Tam, S.W., Pefkianakis, I., Lu, S., Chang, M.F., Guo, C., Reinman, G., Peng, C., Naik, M., Zhang, L., Cong, L.: A scalable micro wireless interconnect structure for CMPs. In: MobiCom '09 Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 52–59 (2009)

  • Li, B., et al.: Wireless interconnects enabled on-chip multicast communication. In: 2012 11th DCABES, Guilin, pp. 135–138 (2012)

  • Lin, X., Ni, L.M.: Multicast communication in multicomputer networks. IEEE TPDS. 4(10), 1105–1117 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, X., et al.: Deadlock-free multicast wormhole routing in 2-D mesh multicomputers. IEEE TPDS 5(8), 793–804 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Malumbres, M.P., et al.: An efficient implementation of tree-based multicast routing for distributed shared-memory multiprocessors. JSA 46(11), 1019–1032 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Palesi, M., Collotta, M., Mineo, A., Catania, V.: An efficient radio access control mechanism for wireless network-on-chip architectures. J. Low Power Electr. Appl. 5(2), 38–56 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, M.M., Al-Naeem, M., Ali, M., Sufian, A.: TFBN: a cost effective high performance hierarchical interconnection network. Appl. Sci. 10, 8252 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, W., Chen, Y., Huang, Z., Zhang, H., Gu, H.: Path-based routing and wavelength assignment for multiple multicasts in optical network-on-chip. In: IEEE 21st International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 17th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 5th International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS), pp. 1155–1162 (2019)

  • Yazdanpanah, F.: A two-level network-on-chip architecture with multicast support. J. Parellel Distrib. Comput. 172, 114–130 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yazdanpanah, F., Afsharmazayejani, R.: A systematic analysis of power saving techniques for wireless network-on-chip architectures. J. Syst. Archit. 126, 102485 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Y., Yang, H., Shu, Y., Jia, Y., Huang, Z.: mTREE: a customized multicast-enabled tree-based network on chip for AI chips. IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett. 14(3), 143–146 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of CSE, R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India

    Smriti Srivastava, Minal Moharir & Krithika Venkatesh

  2. Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belagavi, 590018, India

    Smriti Srivastava, Minal Moharir & Krithika Venkatesh

Authors
  1. Smriti Srivastava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Minal Moharir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Krithika Venkatesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SS—conceptualization; methodology; software; formal analysis; writing—original draft, MM—investigation; supervision. KV—writing—review & editing; supervision; project administration.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Smriti Srivastava.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Srivastava, S., Moharir, M. & Venkatesh, K. Tree-based wireless NoC architecture: enhancing scalability and latency. Opt Quant Electron 56, 612 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05916-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05916-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation