1 Introduction

Perovskite ceramic materials are attracting huge interest nowadays due to their fascinating properties, which lead to different optoelectronic applications (Tihtih et al. 2021, 2023; Ibrahim et al. 2017, 2019; Lökçü 2013). One of these applications includes microwave shielding (Pratap et al. 2018, 2021; Peymanfar et al. 2020a, 2021a). Electromagnetic shielding can be defined as the process of reflecting electromagnetic wave's absorption and scattering, not entering or leaving a certain area. It is expressed as the sum of absorption and scattering. It mainly works with the Faraday Cage principle. The Faraday cage is based on the principle of inducing the effect of the wave in a direction to be transmitted by electron movements on a conductive surface. It also provides weakening of the part in the grounded state. It also shows the reflecting effect depending on the surface conductor density of the Faraday cage. The absorption effect is that the electromagnetic waves turn into heat by multiple scattering and absorption during the transition depending on the ambient dielectric and magnetic properties (Yuping et al. 2005; Peymanfar et al. 2021b). The shielding materials can be divided into two groups: (1) wave-reflection dominating materials and (2) wave-absorption dominating materials. Magnetic materials like spinel ferrites, nonconductor materials like carbon nanotubes, graphite and graphene, and conductive polymers are some of the most common wave absorber materials (Li et al. 2006; Rohini 2014; Pratap et al. 2020; Peymanfar et al. 2020b).

Shielding composites are typically designed in one of two forms: layered or embedded. Layered components are created by a stepwise coating of the shielding ingredients. One type of material that has been extensively studied for its potential as a shielding component is MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Zn, Cu, Co, etc.), which is a type of spinel ferrite. In these materials, every divalent transition metal ion is denoted by the letter M, and oxygen ions create face-centred cubic lattices within that arrangement. The metal ions are either surrounded by four (Tetrahedral) or six (Octahedral) oxygen ions. The properties of these materials are determined by the arrangement of cation tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites (metal ions). The distribution of cations in these structures is highly dependent on the preparation process, particle size, and dopants. Therefore, the magnetic, electrical, and optical properties of ferrites can be modified by the form and quantity of dopants. A variety of studies have been carried out in this direction to better understand the effects of dopants on the properties of ferrite materials (Ata-Allah et al. 2005; Birajdar et al. 2005; Peymanfar et al. 2021c).

NiFe2O4 spinel ferrite is a ferromagnetic composite with a large magnetic loss factor and strong electromagnetic (EM) incident attenuation. Dixit et al. (2012) investigated how Ce and Gd ions affected the magnetic characteristics of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. They concluded in contrast to Gd, Ce has a high magnetization. Doping with Ce is thus more appropriate from the standpoint of implementation. NiFe2O4 ceramics are extensively used in magnetic and microwave devices, like electromagnetic shielding regions and microwave absorber materials. These are commonly researched owing to their strong electromagnetic strength, superior chemical permanence and mechanical toughness, strong coerciveness and medium satiation magnetization, making them a reasonable choice for use as tender magnets and short-loss materials at high frequencies

NiFe2O4 is a well-known microwave-absorbing material; however, its use is limited by disadvantages such as small dielectric loss and wide area density. To overcome this limitation, researchers have investigated mixing or blending Cu-doped ferrite powder with non-magnetic polymers. One promising polymer is polyaniline (PANI), which not only has specified reflective loss but also has more absorption loss to achieve electromagnetic shielding. Thus, it can meet the high absorption and low reflection requirements needed for effective shielding. Additionally, the performance of microwave shielding effectiveness depends on the matching of the impedance of the surface of the material to the irradiation. PANI improves the matching impedance by enhancing the transmission between the ingredients of the composites. Therefore, the use of PANI in conjunction with Cu-doped ferrite powders has been shown to significantly improve the performance of microwave shielding composites, making them suitable for wideband absorption bandwidth applications. Therefore NiFe2O4 can be utilized with the polymer matrix, such as polypyrrole (PPY) (Lee et al. 2002) and polyaniline (PANI) (Chen et al. 2013), to create an efficient EMI shielding material (Jaiswal et al. 2020). Due to its peculiar chemical and physical features, low cost, improved ecological stability, and ease of synthesis, polyaniline (PANI) is a useful conducting polymer (Yang et al. 2010; Ansari and Mohammad 2011). PANI, polymerized out of a low-cost aniline monomer, has drawn significant concern owing to its tunable electrical conductivity and environmental sustainability (Gu et al. 2013). In addition, conductive PANI has been deemed a suitable microwave absorption substance (MAM) for the control of dielectric loss. Because of its microwave absorber abilities, PANI was also used on textiles (Chen et al. 2013). Nevertheless, PANI still has some disadvantages, such as poor microwave absorber capacity and a narrow absorption band, which limits its potential uses. In efforts to resolve these issues and enhance its EMI efficiency, we recommend merging PANI with inorganic magnetic particles such as Ni ferrite (NiFe2O4) (Chung 2000). It has been understood that composite materials are needed to provide better shielding rather than meeting the microwave SE requirements of a single material.

Research has shown that by packing NiFe2O4 nanocrystals with composites to a thickness of 3.5 mm, a minimum reflective loss of − 24 dB at 9.5 GHz and a RL of − 10 dB at 8.5 to 13.0 GHz can be achieved (Ren et al. 2017). Additionally, a colemanite/PANI/SiO2 composite structure, manufactured at a thickness of 1.5 mm, provided the highest SE value of − 41.1 dB at 16.09 GHz (Şahin et al. 2020). In another study, polyaniline-(La2Ti2O7:Er, Yb) composites demonstrated an SE (insertion loss) of − 34.37 dB at 6.27 GHz (Şahin et al. 2021). Furthermore, a Wollastonite/PANI/Colemanite composite was found to have a SE value of − 41.65 dB at 6.26 GHz and a thickness of 1.5 mm (Başaran 2020). Another literature study evaluated the EMP shielding protection of mortar mixed with SiC and graphite (Park and Cho 2022). In addition, the shielding efficiency of a frequency selective surface (FSS) was measured at MHz frequencies for the GSM system (Jangi Golezani et al. 2022). Besides, radiation SE of concrete containing oxidizing slag aggregate from electric arc furnaces was examined as another instance in the research (Lim et al. 2019).

In this investigation, Cu-doped Nickel ferrites along the compositions of NiFe1.9Cu0.1O3.95, NiFe1.7Cu0.3O3.85 and NiFe1.5Cu0.5O3.75 were synthesized utilizing the mixed-oxide approach. EMI shielding characteristics of new PANI-NiFe2O4:Cu composites were investigated using the best possible parameters for the first time. The phases of specimens were determined by X-ray diffractometry (Bruker AXS-XRD-D2 Phaser) in order to determine the solubility limit of each additive and the secondary phases formed in Cu-doped sintered pellets. The microstructural and topographical features of the fracture surfaces of the specimens were investigated using SEM (Jeol JSM 5910 LV) was used for Şahin (2022); the magnetic hysteresis results were measured by VSM (Cryogenic Limited PPMS). The microwave SE properties of the PANI-NiFe2O4:Cu with epoxy composite materials were tested at 0–8 GHz, including certain radar frequencies, using (R&S FSH-K42) two-port vector network analyzer device.

The NiFe2O4 (PDF Card No: 44-1485) compound is considered a suitable host for Cu atom. The Cu (x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5) element is doped into NiFe2−xCuxO4 composition to replace Fe ion since they have very close ionic radii. Upon the doping process, the solubility was raised (within the solubility limit) and designed its environment with respect to Cu element, increased the wave interference by the rising surface area and enhanced the effectiveness of shielding (Şahin 2019).

2 Experimental

2.1 Cu-added nickel ferrite preparation

Using a mixed-oxide process, Cu-doped NiFe2O4 powder was generated. Powders of NiO (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.9%), Fe2O3 (Sigma–Aldrich: 96.5%), and CuO (Alfa Aesar: 99.99%) were blended in stoichiometric proportions according to NiFe2−xCuxO4 compositions in an ethanol medium in a plastic bottle for 20 h, where x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, respectively. The slurries were first left to dry for 24 h at 100 °C, and then they would be calcinated for 4 h at 600 °C in an airtight crucible composed of Al to minimize evaporation losses, which were measured by weighing the specimens before and after calcination. The calcinated powders were crushed in an agate mortar before being pressed into specimens with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 1–2 mm using uni-axial pressing with a pressure of 2 MPa. After burying the pellets in NiFe2O4 powder, they were sintered for 4 h at a temperature range between 1200 and 1400 °C with a cooling and heating rate of 250 °C/h to reduce volatile species loss. The single-phase NiFe2O4 were heat treated at 1200–1300 °C, while Cu-added NiFe2O4 reactants powders were heat treated at 1250 °C after being calcinated at 600 °C. X-ray diffractometry with Cu-Kα radiance (λ = 1.5406  Ǻ) in the range of 2θ:10–70° at a scanning speed of 1°/min was used to describe the phases in the doped heat-treated specimens. X-ray powder diffractometry was used to determine the solubilities limit, which is defined as the maximum quantity of doping that can be done without affecting the primary structure (NiFe2O4). The samples were covered with Au/Pd alloy using a sputter coater before being analyzed for fracture surfaces with SEM (JEOL 5910LV) at 20 kV. A dispersive spectrometer (EDS, Oxford-Inca-7274) was used for the chemical analysis, while SEM was employed to determine the topographical feature and examine the microstructure. The microwave shielding effects of the PANI-NiFe2O4:Cu composite materials were measured between 0 and 8 GHz using the 2-port VNA (R & S FSH-K42) instrument.

2.2 Producing of polyaniline/NiFe2O4:Cu composites

The Nickel ferrite samples, which have the compositions of NiFe1.9Cu0.1O3.95, NiFe1.7Cu0.3O3.85 and NiFe1.5Cu0.5O3.75 (accounted for 100 wt% and 33 wt% of aniline quantities, respectively), and 1 ml aniline monomer were added to a solution of 35 ml hydrochloric acid (0.1 mol L−1) and mechanically mixed for 30 min. In a 15 ml hydrochloric acid solution, 2.49 g of ammonium persulfate (APS) was dissolved. Drop by drop, with vigorous stirring, the APS solution was then added to the previously prepared solution. In an ice-water bath, polymerization was completed at 0 °C for 12 h. The composites were made by sifting the resulting mixture, washing it with deionized water and ethanol, and then vacuum-drying it for 24 h at 60 °C. The influence of the polyaniline ingredient on the effectiveness of EM shielding was investigated using PANI/ NiFe2O4 composites with varied molar ratios (Aniline/NiFe1.9Cu0.1O3.95, Aniline/NiFe1.7Cu0.3O3.85, and Aniline/NiFe1.5Cu0.5O3.75 = (3:1, 1:1). The Cu-added NiFe2O4 with a PANI base were produced as new composite. PANI-NiFe2O4:Cu was created in various ratios with hot pressing.

2.3 Preparation of epoxy-polyaniline/NiFe2O4:Cu composites

PANI/Cu added Ni ferrite composition powders and epoxy were molded and cured to create the composites. The prepared powders were mixed with epoxy in a 2:1 weight ratio. The molding was completed in a 5 MPa hydraulic press at 100 °C for 1 h. The powders were pressed into 20 mm diameter and 2 mm thick pellets for shielding effectiveness tests. Varying concentrations of aniline/Cu-added Ni ferrite, such as 1/1 and 3/1, were used to create SE composites.

2.4 Characterization techniques

The composites under investigation were thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed using a Bruker/Alpha-T instrument to determine the phases present in the samples. To investigate the microstructure and morphology of composites, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out using a JEOL 5910 LV instrument. To improve the conductivity of the powder samples, they were placed on carbide tape and coated with an Au/Pd alloy. The chemical composition was determined using dispersive spectrometry (EDS) with an Oxford-Inca-7274 instrument. The microwave shielding effectiveness of the Cu-doped NiFe2O4:PANI composites, with a thickness of 2 mm, was measured over the frequency range of 0–8 GHz, including some radar frequency bands, using a two-port vector network analyzer (R&S FSH8-R&S FSH-K42) device. The magnetic properties of the CuO-doped NiFe2O4 samples, sintered at 1250 °C, were studied at room temperature (25 °C) using magnetic hysteresis measurements (VSM) with a Cryogenic Limited PPMS brand device. With the VSM measurement, the magnetic properties of the Cu-doped and polyaniline-based nickel ferrite powder samples were characterized in a certain magnetic field range at room temperature. These comprehensive analyses provide a better understanding of the structure, composition, and magnetic properties of the Cu-doped NiFe2O4:PANI composites.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 XRD investigations of Cu-doped nickel ferrite

The addition of Cu ions into the NiFe2O4 (PDF Card No: 003-0875) compound to replace Fe ions was carried out due to the similarity in their ionic radii values. This process involved the synthesis of NiFe2−xCuxO4 compositions, where x varied between 0.1 and 0.6. To obtain single-phase structures, specimens with x values of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 were heat-treated for four hours at 1250 °C using mixed oxide methods. The resulting powders exhibited excellent homogeneity, which facilitated diffusion during the heating phase and eliminated any possible intermediary phases. XRD analysis (Fig. 1) revealed no secondary phases in the powders, except for the 0.6 mol% Cu-added pattern, which showed the emergence of the CuO (PDF Card No: 44-706) secondary phase. These findings suggest that the solubility limit of Cu in nickel ferrite ranges from x = 0.5 to x = 0.6. Table 1 shows the XRD structural parameters of the produced sample, indicating that the synthesis of NiFe2O4 is highly temperature-dependent, and single-phase NiFe2O4 production requires high temperatures. The addition of Cu ions had a significant impact on the formation temperatures of the NiFe2O4 single-phase.

Fig. 1
figure 1

X-ray diffraction patterns of Cu-doped NiFe2−xCuxO4 compound with (Cu, x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6) sintered for 4 h at 1250 °C

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Table 1 Lattice constant of the prepared samples
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3.2 SEM analysis of Cu-doped nickel ferrite

The SEM images of the Cu-added Nickel ferrite structure showed that for x = 0.1, there was only one phase present (Fig. 2a), but as the x value was increased to 0.6, a secondary phase emerged (Fig. 2b). The secondary phase was identified as CuO, while the single phase was determined to be Cu-containing Ni ferrite. The EDS study results, depicted in Fig. 2c, d, indicated that the Cu-doped NiFe2O4 particles had a composition (% 24.08 Ni, % 48.39 Fe, % 26.16 O, % 1.37 Cu) that was in line with the predicted composition. As the concentration of Cu increased, the amount of the secondary phase also increased (Fig. 2b), and the ratio of Cu in the structure grew, as per the EDS analysis performed on the secondary phase. Moreover, it is apparent that different Cu-doped ratios have a significant impact on the particle sizes of Cu-doped NiFe2O4 when viewed from the standpoint of grain size. Interestingly, the secondary phase development observed in the EDS images was in good agreement with the XRD data, suggesting that both techniques complement each other in characterizing the structure and composition of Cu-doped NiFe2O4. These findings provide valuable insights into the structural and compositional changes that occur in Cu-doped NiFe2O4 and can aid in the optimization of this material for various technological applications.

Fig. 2
figure 2

SEM pictures of a Cu-added NiFe2O4 composition that was sintered for 4 h at 1250 °C. a x = 0.1 at × 2.000, b x = 0.6 at × 2.000, c EDS investigation of Cu-doped NiFe2−xCuxO4 for x = 0.1 d EDS analysis of Cu-doped NiFe2−xCuxO4, secondary phase CuO for x = 0.6

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3.3 Magnetic properties of NiFe2O4:Cu composites and PANI /NiFe2O4:Cu composites

To examine the impact of dopants on the magnetic characteristics, magnetic measurements of CuO-doped NiFe2O4 patterns heat treated at 1250 °C were carried out at room temperature (25 °C). In Fig. 3a, CuO-doped NiFe2O4 patterns' magnetization is displayed as a function of the magnetic field (M–H). The measured magnetic parameter values of the produced samples are shown in Table 2. With a saturation magnetization (Ms) of roughly 41.8 emu/g, the 0.1% CuO (x = 0.1) doped NiFe2−xCuxO4 sample demonstrated optimal ferromagnetic behaviour. When the concentration of the Cu doping element rose to x = 0.3, the saturation magnetization increased slightly, reaching almost 43.2 emu/g. When the concentration of Cu element rose to x = 0.5, Ms value decreased to 36.5. It is understood that with the increase of the additive amount of Cu element, the Ms also increases and decreases back as x = 0.5. Neel's molecular field theory can account for the magnetization of spinel ferrite. This theory demonstrates that the exchange between A–B sites has a stronger interaction than the exchange between A–A and B–B sites.

Fig. 3
figure 3

a Magnetic hysteresis loops for Cu-added NiFe2O4 (x = 0.1 0.2, 0.3, 0.5) heat treated at 1250 °C for 4 h. b Magnetic hysteresis loops for Cu-doped NiFe2O4 (x = 0.1, 0.5) using polyaniline (1/3, 1/1) heat treated at 1250 °C for 4 h

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Table 2 VSM (measured magnetic parameters) of various compositions for synthesized samples
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Due to the occupancy of CuO ions on B-sites when x = 0.1, the concentration of Fe+3 ions at octahedral B-sites falls. Therefore, the reduction in saturation magnetization is caused by the alteration in the magnetic structure. The dispersion of nonmagnetic CuO ions in sites A and B may be responsible for the reduction of x ≥ 0.5. A minor drop down to 32 emu/g was seen in Ms when the NiFe2−xCuxO4 specimen was added with x = 0.6 CuO.

As the Polyaniline concentration decreased from 1:1 to 1:3, the saturation magnetization of the samples decreased, as illustrated in Fig. 3b. In addition, the magnetic hysteresis loops for CuO-doped NiFe2−xCuxO4 specimens (x = 0.1) with varying Polyaniline concentrations (1/3 and 1/1) were found to be dependent on the magnetic field at 1250 °C. Both specimens exhibited different ferromagnetic behaviours. The sample with a PANI content of 1/3 showed a smaller Ms value of approximately 10.3 emu/g, whereas the sample with a PANI content of 1/1 showed a higher Ms value of about 22.7 emu/g. Similarly, the CuO-doped NiFe2−xCuxO4 specimens (x = 0.5) with different Polyaniline contents (1/3 and 1/1) exhibited comparable ferromagnetic activity, with Ms values of 8.12 and 15.4 emu/g, respectively. These findings suggest that Polyaniline content has a significant influence on the magnetic properties of CuO-doped NiFe2−xCuxO4.

3.4 Measurements of Cu-added nickel ferrite's EMI shielding effect

The results of a study on the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of various composites are presented in Fig. 4 and Table 3. The purpose of the SE test is to determine how much of the incoming EM wave passes through the composite material (Keykavous-Amand and Peymanfar 2021). The results show that the epoxy-(PANI/NiFe2O4:Cu) composites had different SE characteristics depending on their composition. The epoxy-NiFe2O4:Cu composites/Aniline: 1/3 had a more pronounced impact on shielding effect characteristics than epoxy-NiFe2O4:Cu composites/Aniline: 1/1.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Microwave shielding features of the epoxy-(polyaniline/NiFe2−xCuxO4) composites a x = 0.1, Ni ferrite/Aniline compositions of NiFe1.9Cu0.1O3.95 weight ratio was altered as 1/1, 1/3 b x = 0.3, Ni ferrite/Aniline compositions of NiFe1.7Cu0.3O3.85 weight ratio was altered as 1/1, 1/3 c x = 0.5, Ni ferrite/Aniline compositions of NiFe1.5Cu0.5O3.75 weight ratio was altered as 1/1, 1/3

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Table 3 The microwave absorption properties of synthesized powders compared with other results in the literature
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Among the tested composites, the epoxy-PANI/Cu-added Ni ferrite composites (NiFe1.7Cu0.3O3.85/Aniline: 1/3) demonstrated the highest overall SE performance with a maximum SE value of − 29.74 dB at 6.82 GHz. This composition had a shielding effectiveness of less than − 20 dB in the frequency ranges between 5.32 to 6.69 GHz and 6.79 to 7.4 GHz, and less than − 10 dB in the frequency regions between 2.11 to 6.73 GHz and 6.77 to 8 GHz. The PANI/Ni ferrite composition (NiFe1.9Cu0.1O3.95 /Aniline: 1/1) had only one band with − 21.04 dB at 5.81 GHz, and its SE was less than − 10 dB in the frequencies bands between 2.52 to 3.06 GHz and 5.3 to 5.96 GHz. The SE of the composites is found to be highly dependent on their composition, and the epoxy-PANI/Cu-added Ni ferrite composites (NiFe1.7Cu0.3O3.85 /Aniline: 1/3) showed the best performance in terms of shielding effectiveness.

The frequency dependence of the shielding effectiveness (SE) of PANI/Cu-added Ni ferrite composites (NiFe1.5Cu0.5O3.75 /Aniline: 1/1) powders and epoxy is shown in Fig. 4c. The composite displayed only two SE bands, one at − 26.02 dB and another at − 17.55 dB, at 6.67 GHz and 1.53 GHz, respectively. The SE of this composite was less than − 10 dB in the frequency range of 1.48 GHz to 2.54 GHz, 3.08 GHz to 6.72 GHz, and 6.8 GHz to 8 GHz. The PANI/Cu-added Ni ferrite composite with the highest SE value was NiFe1.5Cu0.5O3.75 /Aniline: 1/3, with an SE of − 21.89 dB at 7.84 GHz, and it showed shielding effectiveness of less than − 10 dB in the frequency ranges between 1.48 to 3.37 GHz, 3.41 to 6.72 GHz, 6.79 to 7.4 GHz, and 7.44 to 8 GHz. The surface interactions, morphology and doping proportion, are key elements in adjusting polarizations, charge transformations and conductive loss (Peymanfar et al. 2020c, d). The interfacial polarization between polyaniline and single-phase Cu-doped NiFe2O4 is critical for the electromagnetic shielding material, as the coherence (matching) of the impedance of the irradiation on the composite's surface impacts the SE performance.

The use of polyaniline in the composite material improves the matching impedance of the transmissions between the composite components. The interfacial polarization between polyaniline and Cu-added NiFe2O4 greatly benefits the electromagnetic shielding composite material. As the crystallite size of NiFe2O4 decreases, surface spin collisions increase, leading to a rise in the observed particle size distribution in the crystal structure and a corresponding increase in the shielding effect peak widths. The abrupt SE peaks arise due to the resonance effect of holder geometry and reflection (Peymanfar et al. 2020e). To minimize the eddy currents created by electromagnetic waves, conductive polymer polyaniline was utilized, as the permeability of higher-frequency materials can reduce the impact of eddy currents. PANI also results in electrical losses, making it suitable for mixing with NiFe2O4 to adjust the dielectric shielding impact of the nickel ferrite and improve the effectiveness of the electromagnetic shielding. These results could have important implications for the development of new composite materials with improved electromagnetic shielding properties for use in various applications as it is comparable to the results in the literature (Table 4).

Table 4 Shielding effectiveness of the epoxy-(polyaniline/NiFe2-x CuxO4) composites with the ranges of shielding features in GHz
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4 Conclusions

This research studied the potential use of composites made from polyaniline (PANI) and copper-doped nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) for microwave shielding effectiveness for the first time as far as it concerned. The following are the key findings:

  1. 1.

    PANI/Cu-added nickel ferrite composites have the potential to be used as effective microwave shielding materials due to their simple and low-cost manufacturing processes.

  2. 2.

    Cu doping into NiFe2−xCuxO4, even at high concentrations (x = 0.5), does not create a second phase and entirely dissolves, forming a single phase, as proven by XRD.

  3. 3.

    As PANI concentration increased, the lowest shielding effectiveness point for epoxy-PANI/NiFe2O4:Cu compositions changed toward higher frequencies.

  4. 4.

    The NiFe1.7Cu0.3O3.85/Aniline: 1/3 composite achieved microwave shielding effectiveness at 6.82 GHz and 2.0 mm in thickness, with the lowest SE of − 29.74 dB.

  5. 5.

    The microwave shielding effectiveness of NiFe2O4 with added copper varies greatly at high doping concentrations. However, the most effective shielding range is found in NiFe1.7Cu0.3O3.85/Aniline: 1/3 compositions, which have a shielding effectiveness of under − 20 dB at frequencies between 5.32 to 6.69 GHz, and 6.79 to 7.4 GHz.

  6. 6.

    The microwave shielding effectiveness of PANI-single phase Cu-doped NiFe2O4 with various dopants might be examined in the radar and higher frequency bands for absorbance and shielding effect. These composites can be investigated as a guide in the development of armour and shielding materials in other frequency bands.