Abstract
The Cadmium oxide (CdO) and Fluorine (F) doped CdO thin films were effectively synthesized on glass substrates for different F doping concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 at.%) using nebulized spray pyrolysis technique. The XRD analysis showed that all the films were polycrystalline having cubic structure with (111) preferential orientation. It was seen from the SEM photographs that the doping causes remarkable changes in the surface morphology. EDAX analysis clearly confirmed that the presence of expected elements cadmium, oxygen and fluorine in the final product, in appropriate proportions. The electrical study showed that the minimum resistivity value of 1.9 × 10−4 Ω cm with notable higher values of carrier concentration and mobility was achieved for 6 at.% of CdO:F film. Optical study exhibited that the band gap value of CdO film increases gradually with the increase in F-doping concentration, reaching maximum band gap value of 2.61 eV at 6 at.% and starts decreasing thereafter. Photoluminescence spectra depicted that the intensity of the emission peaks was significantly varied with doping concentrations. The high transparency, wide band gap energy, enhanced electrical properties and light sensitivity had been obtained infer that F-doped CdO thin films which find application in optoelectronic applications.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adamopoulos, G., Thomas, S., Bradley, D.D.C., McLachlan, M.A., Anthopoulos, T.D.: Low-voltage ZnO thin-film transistors based on Y2O3 and Al2O3 high-k dielectrics deposited by spray pyrolysis in air. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 123503 (2011)
Afify, H.H., Ahmed, N.M., Tadros, M.Y., Ibrahim, F.M.: Temperature dependence growth of CdO thin film prepared by spray pyrolysis. JESIT 1, 119–128 (2014)
Akin, S., Karanfil, G., Gultekin, A., Sonmezoglu, S.: Improvement of physical properties of CdO thin films by Au–Ag nanocluster codoping. J. Alloys Compd. 579, 272–278 (2013)
Akyuz, I., Kose, S., Ketenci, E., Bilgin, V., Atay, F.: Optical, structural and surface characterization of ultrasonically sprayed CdO: F films. J. Alloy Compd. 509, 1947–1952 (2011)
Anitha, M., Anitha, N., Amalraj, L.: Influence of precursor concentration on physical properties of CdO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique using nebulizer. Appl. Phys. A 123, 764–779 (2017a)
Anitha, M., Tamilnayagam, V., Anitha, N., Amalraj, L., Gokul Raj, S.: Investigations on the structural, electrical and optical properties of thin films of CdO(111). J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 28, 17297–17307 (2017b)
Anitha, M., Saravanakumar, K., Anitha, N., Amalraj, L.: Influence of a novel co-doping (Zn + F) on the physical properties of nano structured (111) oriented CdO thin films applicable for window layer of solar cell. Appl. Surf. Sci. 443, 55–67 (2018a)
Anitha, M., Anitha, N., Kulandaisamy, I., Amalraj, L.: Effect of substrates on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of sprayed CdO thin films using nebulizer. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 86, 580–589 (2018b)
Anitha, M., Saravanakumar, K., Anitha, N., Kulandaisamy, I., Amalraj, L.: Influence of annealing temperature on physical properties of Sn-doped CdO thin films by nebulized spray pyrolysis technique. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 243, 54–64 (2019)
Bagheri Khatibani, A., Hallaj, Z.A., Rozati, S.M.: Some physical properties of CdO: F thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 130, 254–266 (2015)
Benhaliliba, M., Benousi, C.E., Tiburcio-silver, A., Yakuphanoglu, F., Avila-garciad, A., Tavira, A., Trujillo, R.R., Mouffak, Z.: Luminescence and physical properties of copper doped CdO derived nanostructures. J. Lumin. 132, 2653–2658 (2012)
Bilgin, V., Akyuz, I., Kose, S., Atay, F.: Characterization of Mn-incorporated CdO films grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 21, 579–585 (2006)
Bulakhe, R., Lokhande, C.: Chemically deposited cubic structured CdO thin films: use in liquefied petroleum gas sensor. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 200, 245–250 (2014)
Chandiramouli, R., Jeyaprakash, B.G.: Review of CdO thin films. Solid State Sci. 16, 102–110 (2013)
Cruz, J., Delgado, G., Perez, R., Sandoval, S., Sandoval, O., Romero, C.I., Marin, J., Angel, O.: Dependence of electrical and optical properties of sol–gel prepared undoped cadmium oxide thin films on annealing temperature. Thin Solid Films 493, 83–87 (2005)
Dakhel, A.A.: Influence of hydrogenation on the electrical and optical properties of CdO: Tl thin films. Thin Solid Films 517, 886–890 (2008)
Dakhel, A.A.: Bandgap narrowing in CdO doped with europium. Opt. Mater. 31, 691–695 (2009)
Dakhel, A.A.: Electrical and optical properties of iron-doped CdO. Thin Solid Films 518, 1712–1715 (2010)
Dakhel, A.A.: Influence of Yb-doping on optoelectrical properties of CdO nanocrystalline films. J. Mater. Sci. 46, 1455–1461 (2011)
Deokate, R.J., Pawar, S.M., Moholkar, A.V., Sawant, V.S., Pawar, C.A., Bhosale, C.H., Rajpure, K.Y.: Spray deposition of highly transparent fluorine doped cadmium oxide thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 254, 2187–2195 (2008)
Ferro, R., Rodriguez, J.A., Vigil, O., Morales-Acevedo, A.: Chemical composition and electrical conduction mechanism for CdO: F thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 87, 83–86 (2001)
Fleischer, K., Arca, E., Shvets, I.V.: Improving solar cell efficiency with optically optimised TCO layers. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 101, 262–269 (2012)
Gao, W., Li, Z.W.: Photoluminescence properties of ZnO films grown by wet oxidation: effect of processing. J. Alloys Compd. 449, 202–206 (2008)
Gokul, B., Matheswaran, P., SathyamoorthY, R.: Influence of annealing on physical properties of CdO thin films prepared by SILAR method. J. Mater. Sci. Technol 29(1), 17–21 (2013)
Gupta, R., Ghosh, K., Pate, R., Kahol, P.: Highly conducting and transparent Ti-doped CdO films by pulsed laser deposition. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255, 6252–6255 (2009)
Gupta, R.K., Cavas, M., Yakuphanogly, F.: Structural and optical properties of nanostructure CdZnO films. Spectrochim. Acta Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 95, 107–113 (2012)
Hymavathi, B., Rajesh Kumarb, B., Subba Rao, T.: Investigations on physical properties of nanostructured Cr doped CdO thin films for optoelectronic applications. Procedia Mater. Sci. 10, 285–291 (2015)
Jefferson, P.H., Hatifield, S., Veal, T.D., King, P., Mc Conville, C.F., Zuniga-Perez, J., Munoz-Sanjose, V.: Bandgap and effective mass of epitaxial cadmium oxide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 022101–022103 (2008)
Kamble, A., Pawar, R., Tarwal, N., More, L., Patil, P.: Ethanol sensing properties of chemosynthesized CdO nanowires and nanowalls. Mater. Lett. 65, 1488–1491 (2011)
Kazmierczak-Balata, A., Bodzenta, J., Korte-Kobylinska, D., Mazur, J., Golaszewska, K., Kaminska, E., Piotrowska, A.: Determination of thermal conductivity of thin layers used as transparent contacts and antireflection coatings with a photothermal method. Appl. Opt. 48, C74–C80 (2009)
Khallaf, H., Chen, C.T., Chang, L.-B., Lupan, O., Dutta, A., Heinrich, H., Shenouda, A., Chow, L.: Investigation of chemical bath deposition of CdO thin films using three different complexing agents. Appl. Surf. Sci. 257, 9237–9242 (2011)
Khan, M.K.R., AzizarRahman, M., Shahjahan, M., MoziburRahman, M., Hakin, M.A., Kumar Saha, D., Khan, J.U.: Effect of Al-doping on optical and electrical properties of spray pyrolytic nano-crystalline CdO thin films. Curr. Appl. Phys. 10, 790–796 (2010)
Koh, S., Han, Y., Lee, J., Yeo, U., Cho, J.: Material properties and growth control of undoped and Sn-doped In2O3 thin films prepared by using ion beam technologies. Thin Solid Films 496, 81–88 (2006)
Kose, S., Atay, F., Bilgin, V., Akyuz, I.: In doped CdO films: electrical, optical, structural and surface properties. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 34, 5260–5266 (2009)
Kumaravel, R., Menaka, S., Snega, S.R.M., Ramamurthi, K., Jeganathan, K.: Electrical, optical and structural properties of aluminum doped cadmium oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. Mater. Chem. Phys. 122, 444–448 (2010a)
Kumaravel, R., Ramamurthi, K., Krishnakumar, V.: Effect of indium doping in CdO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 71, 1545–1549 (2010b)
Lokhande, B.J., Patil, P.S., Uplane, M.D.: Studies on cadmium oxide sprayed thin films deposited through non-aqueous medium. Mater. Chem. Phys. 84, 238–242 (2004)
Maity, R., Chattopadhyay, K.: Synthesis and characterization of aluminum-doped CdO thin films by sol–gel process. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 90, 597–606 (2006)
Manjula, N., Usharani, K., Balu, A.R., Nagarethinam, V.S.: Studies on the physical properties of three potentially important TCO thin films fabricated by a simplified spray technique under same deposition conditions. Int. J. ChemTech. Res. 6, 705–718 (2014)
Mansoor, M.A., Ehsan, M.A., McKee, V., Huang, N.M., Ebadi, M., Arifin, Z., Basirum, W.J., Mazhar, M.: Hexagonal structured Zn(1−x)CdxO solid solution thin films: synthesis, characterization and applications in photoelectrochemical water splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 5284–5292 (2013)
Mariappan, R., Ponnuswamy, V., Ragavendar, M.: Effects of substrate temperature on the properties of CdSnSe thin films deposited by nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 15, 199–205 (2012)
Martins, R., Fortunato, E., Nunes, P., Ferreira, I., Marques, A., Bender, M., Katsarakis, N., Cimalla, V., Kiriakidis, G.: Zinc oxide as an ozone sensor. J. Appl. Phys. 96, 1398–1408 (2004)
Mohamed, H.A., Ali, H.M.: Characterization of ITO/CdO/glass thin films evaporated by electron beam technique. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9, 025016–025025 (2008)
Moholkar, A.V., Pawar, S.M., Rajpure, K.Y., Bhosale, C.H., Kim, J.H.: Effect of fluorine doping on highly transparent conductive spray deposited nanocrystalline tin oxide thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255, 9358–9364 (2009)
Moholkara, A.V., Agawanec, G.L., Sima, K.U., Kwona, Y.B., Rajpurec, K.Y., Kim, J.H.: Influence of deposition temperature on morphological, optical, electrical and opto-electrical properties of highly textured nano-crystalline spray deposited CdO: Ga thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 257, 93–101 (2010)
Murtaza, G., Amin, B., Arif, S., Maqbool, M.: Structural, electronic and optical properties of CaxCd1−xO and its conversion from semimetal to wide bandgap semiconductor. Comput. Mater. Sci. 58, 71–76 (2012)
Naser, G.Y., Raja, W.N., Faris, A.S., Rahem, Z.J., Salih, M.A., Ahmed, A.H.: Some optical properties of CdO thin films. Energy Procedia 36, 42–49 (2013)
Pan, L.L., Li, G.Y., Lian, J.S.: Structural, optical and electrical properties of cerium and gadolinium doped CdO thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 274, 365–370 (2013)
Peng-Fei, W., Shi-Jin, D., Wei, Z., Jian-yun, Z., Ji-Tao, W., William Lee, W.: FTIR characterization of fluorine doped silicon dioxide thin films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Chin. Phys. Lett. 17(12), 912–914 (2000)
Raj Mohamed, J., Sanjeeviraja, C., Amalraj, L.: Effect of substrate temperature on nebulized spray pyrolysised In2S3 thin films. J. Mater. Sci. Mater Electron. 27, 4437–4446 (2016)
Ravichandran, K., Thirumurugan, K., Jabena Begum, N., Snega, S.: Investigation of p-type SnO2: Zn films deposited using a simplified spray pyrolysis technique. Superlattices Microstruct. 60, 327–335 (2013)
Sachet, E., Shelton, C.T., Harris, J.S., Gaddy, B.E., Irving, D.L., Curtarolo, S., Donovan, B.F., Hopkins, P.C., Sharma, P.A., Sharma, A.L.: Dysprosium-doped cadmium oxide as a gateway material for mid-infrared plasmonics. Nat. Mater. 14, 414–420 (2015)
Sankarasubramanian, K., Soundarrajan, P., Logu, T., Kiruthika, S., Sethuraman, K., Ramesh Babu, R., Ramamurthi, K.: Influence of Mn doping on structural, optical and electrical properties of CdO thin films prepared by cost effective spray pyrolysis method. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 26, 346–353 (2014)
Sankarasubramanian, K., Soundarrajan, P., Sethuraman, K., Ramamurthi, K.: Chemical spray pyrolysis deposition of transparent and conducting Fe doped CdO thin films for ethanol sensor. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 40, 879–884 (2015)
Saravanakumar, K., Muthuraj, V.: Fabrication of sphere like plasmonic Ag/SnO2 photocatalystfor the degradation of phenol. Optik 131, 754–763 (2017)
Saravanakumar, K., Muthuraj, V., Jeyaraj, M.: The design of novel visible light driven Ag/CdO as smart nanocomposite for photodegradation of different dye contaminant. Spectrochim. Acta A 188, 291–300 (2018)
Sivakumar, S., Venkatesan, A., Soundhirarajan, P., Khatiwada, C.P.: Synthesis, characterizations and anti-bacterial activities of pure and Ag doped CdO nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method. Spectrochim. Acta A 136, 1751–1759 (2015)
Sonmezoglu, S., Termeli, T.A., Akin, S., Askeroglu, I.: Synthesis and characterization of tellurium-doped CdO nanoparticles thin films by sol–gel method. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 67, 97–104 (2013)
Thirumoorthi, M., Prakash, J.T.J.: A study of Tin doping effects on physical properties of CdO thin films prepared by sol–gel spin coating method. J. Asain Ceram. Soc. 4, 39–45 (2016)
Usharani, K., Balu, A.R., Shanmugavel, G., Suganya, M., Nagarethinam, V.S.: Transparent conducting CdO thin films fabricated by low cost simplified spray technique using perfume atomizer. IJSRR 2(3), 53–68 (2013)
Velusamy, P., Ramesh Babu, R., Ramamurthi, K., Viegas, J., Elangovan, E.: Structural, microstructural, optical and electrical properties of spray deposited rare-earth metal (Sm) ions doped CdO thin films. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 26, 4152–4164 (2015a)
Velusamy, P., Ramesh Babu, R., Ramamurthi, K., Dahlem, M.S., Elangovan, E.: Highly transparent conducting cerium incorporated CdO thin films deposited by a spray pyrolytic technique. RSC Adv. 5, 102741–102749 (2015b)
Wongcharoen, N., Gaewdang, T., Wongcharoen, T.: Electrical properties of Al-doped CdO thin films prepared by thermal evaporation in vacuum. Energy Procedia 15, 361–370 (2012)
Yan, M., Lane, M., Kannewurf, C., Chang, R.: Highly conductive epitaxial CdO thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 2342–2344 (2001)
Zaien, M., Ahmed, N.M., Hassan, Z.: Fabrication and characterization of nanocrystalline n-CdO/p-Si as a solar cell. Superlattices Microstruct. 52, 800–806 (2012)
Zheng, B.J., Lian, J.S., Zhao, L., Jiang, Q.: Optical and electrical properties of Sn-doped CdO thin films obtained by pulse laser deposition. Vaccum 85, 861–865 (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Anitha, M., Saravanakumar, K., Anitha, N. et al. Influence of fluorine doped CdO thin films by an simplified spray pyrolysis technique using nebulizer. Opt Quant Electron 51, 187 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-1901-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-1901-1