Abstract
A new optical encryption method using an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) operating simultaneously with pulse position modulation (PPM) and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is proposed in this paper. This device operates with ultrashort soliton light pulses (2ps), which are modulated in agreement with the technique of pulse modulation just mentioned. In this way any pulse carries naturally two bits of information but when the encryption proposed here, is applied, each encrypted pulse, carries four bits of information. We have analyzed the sixteen output possible situations, modulating the input pulses polarized in TE and TM modes allowing a variation in the PPM \({(\varepsilon_{\rm PPM})}\) and PAM \({(\varepsilon_{\rm PAM})}\) parameters for each modulation. We have defined all the possibility pairs of PPM-PAM parameters where the encrypting procedure is possible.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almeida J.S., Menezes J.W.M., Silva M.G., Sombra A.S.B., Fraga W.B., Sales J.C., Ferreira A.C., Marciano S.P., Filnho A.F.G.F.: All-optical logic gates based in asymmetric couplers: numerical analysis. Fiber Integr. Opt. 26(4), 217–218 (2007)
Arizaga R., Torroba R.: Optical encryption method using toroidal zone plates. Opt. Commun. 215, 31 (2003)
Barrera J.F., Henao R., Torroba R.: Optcal encryption method using toroidal zone plates. Opt. Commun. 248, 35–40 (2005)
Boscolo S., Turitsyn S.K., Blow K.J.: Nonlinear loop mirror-based all-optical signal processing in fiber-optic communications. Opt. Fiber Technol. 14(4), 299–316 (2008)
Clavero R., Martinez J.M., Ramos F., Martí J.: All-optical packet routing scheme for optical label-swapping networks. Opt. Express 12, 4326 (2004)
Ferreira A.C., Sobrinho C.S., Menezes J.W.M., Fraga W.B., Rocha H.H.B., Wirth A.L. Jr, Sabóia K.D.A., Guimarães G.F., Filho J.M.S., Sombra A.S.B.: A performance study of an all-optical logic gate based in PAM-ASK. J. Mod. Opt. 56(8), 1004–1013 (2009)
Fraga W.B., Menezes J.W.M., da Silva M.G., Sobrinho C.S., Sombra A.S.B.: All optical logic gates based on an asymmetric nonlinear directional coupler. Opt. Commun. 262, 32–37 (2006)
Gao L., Herriot S.I., Wagner K.H.: Novel approach to RF photonic signal processing using an ultrafast laser comb modulated by traveling-wave tunable filters. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 12(2), 315–329 (2006)
Hamilton S.A., Robinson B.S., Murphy T.E., Savage S.J., Ippen E.P.: 100 Gbps optical time-division multiplexed network. IEEE Light. Tech. 20, 2086–2100 (2002)
Horner J., Javidi B.: Multiple-phase retrieval for optical security systems by use of random-phase encoding. Opt. Eng. 38, 8 (1999)
Javidi B., Horner J.L.: Optical pattern recognition for validation and security verification. Opt. Eng. 33, 1752 (1994)
Javidi B., Ahouzi E.: Optical security system with Fourier plane encoding. Appl. Opt. 37, 6247 (1998)
Jung Y., Lee S.B., Lee J.W., Oh K.: Bandwidth control in a hybrid fiber acousto-optic filter. Opt. Lett. 30, 84–86 (2005)
Lai S., Neifield M.: Optical encryption method using toroidal zone plates. Opt. Commun 178, 283 (2000)
Li Q., Liu X., Peng J., Lee H.P.: Demonstration of narrow-band acousto-optic tunable filters on dispersion enhanced single-mode fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 14, 1551–1553 (2002)
Li Q., Xie Y., Zhu Y., Qian S.: Soliton switching and propagation in two-core nonlinear fiber coupler with high order coupling coefficient. Opt.Commum. 281, 2811–2818 (2008)
Matoba O., Javidi B.: Encrypted optical storage with angular multiplexing. Appl. Opt. 38, 7288 (1999)
Mazzali, C., Fragnito, H.L.: Optical PPM Generator by Direct-Frequency Shifting in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exhibit, 1998. OFC ‘98., Technical Digest WM13 (1998) 191
Menezes, J.W.M., de Fraga, W.B., da Silva, M.G., Ferreira, A.C., Filho, A.F.G.F., de Morais Neto, A.F., Sobrinho, C.S., Sombra, A.S.B.: Numerical analysis in triangular and planar three-core nonlinear optical fiber couplers (TNLDC) operating logical gates. In: Proceedings of the VI IEEE International Telecommunication Symposium (ITS2006) - IEEE Conference Proceedings VI ITS 2006 (2006), pp. 13–18 (September 3–6, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, 2006)
Menezes J.W.M., de Fraga W.B., Guimarães G.F., Ferreira A.C., Rocha H.H.B., da Silva M.G., Sombra A.S.B.: Optical switches and all-fiber logical devices based on triangular and planar three-core nonlinear optical fiber couplers. Opt. Commun. 276, 107 (2007)
Menezes J.W.M., Fraga W.B., Ferreira A.C., Sabóia K.D.A., Filho A.F.G.F., Guimarães G.F., Sousa J.R.R., Rocha H.H.B., Sombra A.S.B.: Logic gates based in two and three-modes nonlinear optical fiber couplers. Opt. Quantum Electron. 39(14), 1191–1206 (2007)
Menezes, J.W.M., Fraga, W.B., Ferreira, A.C., Guimarães, G.F., Sobrinho, C.S., Filho, J.M.S., Filho, A.F.G.F., Sales, J.C., Sombra, A.S.B.: All-optical half adder using all-optical XOR and AND gates for optical generation of ‘SUM’ and ‘CARRY’. Fiber and Integrated Optics - Article In Press (2009)
Minh Hao Le, Ghassemlooy, Z. Ng, W.P.: Ultrafast Header Processing in All-Optical Packet Switched-Network. Transparent Optical Networks, 2005, Proceedings of 2005 7th International Conference Publication Date (7–7 July 2005) 2, 50–53 Vol. 2
Nakamura S., Tajima K., Sugimoto Y.: Experimental investigation on high-speed switching characteristics of a novel symmetric Mach-Zehnder all-optical switch. Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 283–285 (1994)
Onaka H., Miyata H., Kai Y., Yoshida S., Sone K., Takita Y., Tsunoda Y., Miyata H., Nakagawa G.: Compact photonic gateway for dynamic path control using acousto-optic tunable filter. Opt. Switch. Netw. 5, 75–84 (2008)
Réfrégier P., Javidi B.: Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding. Opt. Lett. 20, 767 (1995)
Robinson, B.S., Moores, J.D., Moriarty, D.T.: Pattern Independent Semiconductor-Based Interferometric All-Optical Switching Using Pulse-Position Modulation. Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2000. (CLEO 2000). Conference on Volume, Issue, 2000 pp. 690–691
Sobrinho C.S., Sombra A.S.B.: Picosecond pulse switching in an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) with loss. Nonlinear Opt. 29(1), 79–97 (2002)
Sobrinho C.S., Lima J.L.S., de Almeida E.F., Sombra A.S.B.: Acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) with increasing non-linearity and loss. Opt. Commun. 208(4–6), 415–426 (2002)
Sobrinho C.S., Lima J.L.S., Sombra A.S.B.: Interchannel crosstalk on the acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) for network applications. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 35(3), 230–235 (2002)
Sobrinho C.S., de Oliveira M.V.N., Lima J.L.S., da Silva M.G., de Almeida E.F., Sombra A.S.B.: Numerical analysis of the crosstalk on an integrated acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) for network applications. Fiber Integr. Opt. 23(5), 345–363 (2004)
Sobrinho C.S., Filho A.F.G.F., Sales J.C., Neto A.F.M., de Almeida E.F., Sombra A.S.B.: Acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) revisited: ultrashort optical pulses crosstalk studies on the lossy filter. Fiber Integr. Opt. 25(3), 195–211 (2006)
Sobrinho C.S., Rios C.S.N., Sombra A.S.B.: Integrated acousto-optical temperature sensor. Fiber Integr. Opt. 25(6), 387–402 (2006)
Sobrinho C.S., Rios C.S.N., Marciano S.P., Guimarães G.F., Sales J.C., Sabóia K.D.A., Rocha H.H.B., Sombra A.S.B.: A performance study of a logical gate using PPM optical pulse modulation for TDM systems. Opt. Commun. 275, 476–485 (2007)
Sobrinho C.S., Ferreira A.C., Menezes J.W.M., Guimarães G.F., Fraga W.B., Filho A.F.G.F., Rocha H.H.B., Marciano S.P., Sabóia K.D.A., Sombra A.S.B.: Analysys of an optical logic gate using a symmetric coupler operating with pulse position modulation (PPM). Opt. Commun. 281, 1056–1064 (2008)
Stampoulidis L., Kehayas E., Apostolopoulos D., Bakopoulos P., Vyrsokinos K., Avramopoulos H.: On-the-fly all-optical contention resolution for NRZ and RZ data formats using packet envelope detection and integrated optical switches. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(8), 538–540 (2007)
Tan X., Matoba O., Shimura T., Kuroda K., Javidi B.: Secure optical storage that uses fully phase encryption. Appl. Opt. 39, 6689 (2000)
Torroba R., Henao R., Arizaga R.: Multiplexing encrypted data by using polarized light. Opt. Commun. 260, 109–112 (2003)
Tran C.D.: Principles and analytical applications of acousto-optic tunable filters, an overview. Talanta 45, 237 (1997)
Van Der Lubbe, C.A.: Basic methods of cryptography, faculty of information technology and systems. Delft University of Technology (1998)
Veeriah S., Rahman F.A., Mishra V.: Multiple parameter tuning of the bandwidth, wavelength and attenuation of a fiber-based acousto-optic tunable filter. Optik 118, 481–486 (2007)
Vlachos K., Pleros N., Bintjas C., Theophilopoulos G., Avramopoulos H.: Ultrafast time-domain technology and its application in all-optical signal process. J. Lightwave Technol. 21(9), 1857–1868 (2003)
Xu J., Stroud R.: Acousto optical devices: principles, design and applications. Wiley-Interscience, New York (1992)
Yariv A., Yeh P.: Optical Waves in Crystal: Propagation and Control of Laser Adiation. John Wiley and Sons, New York (1984)
Zoiros K.E., Houbavlis T., Kalyvas M.: Ultra-high speed all-optical shift registers and their applications in OTDM networks. Opt. Quantum Electron. 36, 1005 (2004)
Zoiros K.E., Papadopoulos G., Houbavlis T., Kanellos G.T.: Theoretical analysis and performance investigation of ultrafast all-optical Boolean XOR gate with semiconductor optical amplifier-assisted Sagnac interferometer. Opt. Commun. 258, 114–134 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sabóia, K.D.A., Ferreira, A.C., Sobrinho, C.S. et al. Optical cryptography under PPM-PAM modulation based in short optical pulses in an acoustic-optic tunable filter (AOTF). Opt Quant Electron 41, 963–980 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-010-9409-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-010-9409-8