Abstract
Evidence-based policy making (EBPM) has been a key pillar of the better regulation agenda of the European Union. However, the extent to which it has genuinely impacted domestic policy making practices has remained largely unexplored. This study sets out to address this gap by focusing on EBPM adoption in settings with historically weak culture of technocratic rationality. To this end, the article proposes a novel analytical framework combining the concept of Europeanisation with insights from the scholarship on knowledge and evidence utilisation. The framework is then applied to the “least likely” case of Bulgaria and its National Climate and Energy Plan for 2021–2030. The article draws on 26 semi-structured interviews to analyse the use of different types of evidence in the Plan’s formulation. The study finds that genuine adoption of EBPM practices remains relatively low with evidence serving predominantly a perfunctory role. In contrast, instrumental and conceptual uses of evidence remain rare. Still, the findings point at the possibility, albeit limited, for gradual Europeanisation and uptake of evidence-based practices even in highly unfavourable conditions. This can be facilitated by a prolonged exposure to evidence-based practices, targeted EU pressure, the establishment of forums facilitating evidence exchange and the presence of “evidence-friendly” individuals within the civil service.
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Data availability
Due to the sensitive nature of the research topic and the data collected which contains personal political opinions and other statements that may be considered politically or professionally sensitive as well as information that may be used to identify respondents, participants have not consented to their data being shared with third parties by the researcher. As such, the research data are not available. Some further information about the breakdown of the sample and the profiles of the respondents was provided for the purposes of peer-review.
Notes
The Bulgarian Energy Holding is the largest state-owned company in Bulgaria and is under the executive control of the Ministry of Energy. It brings together state companies which are engaged in different segments of the energy market, including electricity generation, supply and transmission, supply and storage of natural gas and coal mining.
PRIMES is the primary mathematical model used by the EU for simulating the future development of the energy market. Simulations are based on forecasts of trends in energy supply, demand, technological advancement etc.
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Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments as well as Trui Steen and Marleen Brans for their helpful comments on previous versions of this paper. She also would like to thank the participants in the workshop “Evidence based policies: a realistic perspective on knowledge utilisation in public policy” organised by the International Association of Public Policy in Budapest in June 2022, for their insightful feedback on the first draft of this paper. Finally, the author would also like to extend her gratitude to the Center for the Study of Democracy, which provided logistical support during the fieldwork period in Bulgaria, as well as to all respondents who were generous with their time and knowledge and without whom this research would not be possible.
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This research and the fieldwork for this paper was made possible thanks to the generous funding provided by Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) as part of a PhD Fellowship for Fundamental Research grant 11J4121N.
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Appendix 1: List of documentary sources consulted as part of the analysis
Appendix 1: List of documentary sources consulted as part of the analysis
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Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of Bulgaria covering the period of 2021–2030 of the Republic of Bulgaria.
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Marchevska, D. Enlightenment, politicisation or mere window dressing? Europeanisation and the use of evidence for policy making in Bulgaria. Policy Sci (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-024-09527-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-024-09527-8